Vim li cas cov Cables muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv nruab siab thiaj yog xiav?
- Cov Lus Teb Ncaj Qha: Xiav Txhais Tau Tias Muaj Kev Nyab Xeeb, Tsis Yog Xiav Txhais Tau Tias Muaj Kev Phom Sij
Cov xov hlau uas muaj kev nyab xeeb yog xiav vim tias tus qauv thoob ntiaj teb (IEC 60079-14) yuam kom siv lub teeb xiav (RAL 5015) rau kev txheeb xyuas IS circuit.
Thaum koj taug kev hla txhua qhov chaw ua lag luam uas muaj kev phom sij—chaw ua roj, chaw tsim tshuaj lom neeg, chaw ua roj av, chaw tsim tshuaj, lossis chaw khawb thee hauv av—koj yuav pom tias muaj ntau yam sib txawv.cov kab xiav dawbkhiav ua ke nrog cov cables dub thiab grey txheem.
Cov kab xiav no yogtsis yog kev xaiv tsim los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoomlossis kev nyiam qhov zoo nkauj. Lawv yog ib tugkev cai lij choj thoob ntiaj teb rau kev nyab xeebnrog lub hom phiaj yooj yim tab sis tseem ceeb:
"Xiav xiav qhia txog IS circuits. Lwm yam xim - xav tias txaus ntshai."
Txoj Cai Xim:
| Xim ntawm Cable Sheath | Lub ntsiab lus |
| Xim xiav (RAL 5015) | ✔ Kev Nyab Xeeb Sab Hauv (IS) Circuit Court— siv zog tsawg, muaj kev nyab xeeb rau kev ua haujlwm |
| Dub, Grey, Tsaus Xiav, Liab, Daj, Txiv Kab Ntxwv, Dawb | × Lub voj voog tsis yog IS- xav tias muaj zog txaus ntshai |
（Xiav-xiav (RAL 5015) = IS Circuit VS dub vs liab）
Ntawm Dingzun Cable,tag nrho peb cov cables muaj kev nyab xeeb intrinsicRAL 5015 xim xiav xiav raws nraimnrog rau lub cim "Ex-ia" lossis "Ex-ib" uas ruaj khov—ua kom ntseeg tau tias thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij tam sim ntawd raws li IEC 60079-14.
- Lub Hom Phiaj Kev Nyab Xeeb: Vim Li Cas Kev Sau Xim Thiaj Tseem Ceeb
Tus lej xim xiav tsis yog kho kom zoo nkauj - nws yog ib qhokev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub neejrau cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij.
Rooj 1: Lub Hom Phiaj Kev Nyab Xeeb ntawm Cov Xiav IS Cables
| Xwm Txheej Tsis Muaj Tus lej Xim Xiav | Qhov tshwm sim | Yuav Ua Li Cas Xiav Tiv Thaiv Nws |
| Ib tug kws kho hluav taws xob yuam kev ib txoj hlua fais fab uas tsis yog IS rau ib txoj hlua IS | Lawv yuav ua haujlwm rau nws tam sim ntawd, xav tias nws muaj kev nyab xeeb -kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev raug hluav taws xob | Cov xov hlau xiav IS pom tau tam sim ntawd; cov xov hlau uas tsis yog IS tsis yog xiav |
| Ib tug kws kho tshuab tsis ua tib zoo txuas lub zog 120V AC rau lub IS terminal block | Lub zog tshaj qhov ntsuas kev nyab xeeb ntawm qhov thaiv -kev phom sij ntawm kev tawg | Cov xov hlau xiav IS raug cais tawm ntawm cov xov hlau uas tsis yog IS; cov terminals kuj yog xiav |
| Thaum lub sijhawm hloov kho qhov system, ib txoj hlua IS raug txuas rau hauv ib txoj hlua uas tsis yog IS. | Lub zog uas raug tsim los ntawm cov xov hluav taws xob nyob ib sab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj huab cua txaus ntshai | Cov xov hlau xiav raug xa mus sib cais (≥50mm los ntawm cov tsis yog-IS lossis ntawm cov teeb meem hauv av) |
| Ib tug kws hluav taws xob tshiab uas tsis paub txog lub Hoobkas xav tias txhua cov xov hlau muaj kev phom sij ib yam nkaus | Lub sijhawm pov tseg los xyuas cov duab kos; tej zaum yuav muaj qhov yuam kev thaum ua haujlwm tam sim no | "Xiav = muaj kev nyab xeeb" yog tus qauv thoob ntiaj teb uas qhia hauv kev cob qhia hluav taws xob thoob ntiaj teb |
Lub Ntsiab Cai Tseem Ceeb:Xim xiav daj muabkev txheeb xyuas pom tam sim ntawdIb tug kws hluav taws xob uas nkag mus rau hauv thaj chaw txaus ntshai tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov voj voog IS tam sim ntawd los ntawm lub plhaub xiav - tsis tas yuav tshawb xyuas cov ntawv lo, cov duab kos, lossis nug tus thawj saib xyuas.
Ntawm Dingzun Cable,Peb luam tawm "Ex-ia" lossis "Ex-ib" rau ntawm peb cov xov hluav taws xob xiav rau kev txheeb xyuas zaum ob, kom ntseeg tau tias tsis muaj kev tsis meej pem txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo.
- Tus Txheej Txheem: Yam Uas IEC 60079-14 Xav Tau
IEC 60079-14 yog tus qauv thoob ntiaj teb rau kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob hauv cov huab cua tawg. Tshooj 12.2.2.3 hais txog kev txheeb xyuas lub voj voog IS.
Rooj 2: IEC 60079-14 IS Cable Xim Code Yuav Tsum Tau
| Qhov Yuav Tsum Tau Ua | Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb | Qhov chaw |
| Lub plhaub sab nraud ntawm lub cable | Xiav-ntsuab(RAL 5015) | IEC 60079-14 Tshooj 12.2.2.3 |
| Cov kab ke | Xim xiav dawb los yog daim ntawv lo "Intrinsically Safe" | IEC 60079-14 |
| Cov thaiv kawg | Kev rwb thaiv tsev xiav lossis cim xiav | IEC 60079-14 |
| Cov ntaub thaiv uas muaj cov voj voog IS | Daim ntawv lo lossis cim xiav daj rau ntawm lub thawv | IEC 60079-14 |
| Kev cim kab hlau | Cov cim "Ex-ia" lossis "Ex-ib" uas ruaj khov | IEC 60079-14 |
| Kev sib cais ntawm cov cables uas tsis yog IS | ≥50mm kev sib cais (lossis ntawm kev sib cais hlau grounded) | IEC 60079-14 |
Dab Tsi TSIS PUB:
| Kev Xyaum Txwv Tsis Pub Ua | Vim Li Cas Nws Tsis Pub |
| Siv cov xov hlau dub nrog cov cim kab xev xiav | Daim kab xev poob tawm; tsis ruaj khov; tsis ua raws li cov cai |
| Siv "xiav" uas tsis yog RAL 5015 | Tsuas yogRAL 5015 xiav-ntsuabtau teev tseg - tus qauv xiav tsis raug lees txais |
| "Peb yeej ib txwm siv xiav" (tsis yog xiav kaj) | Xim xiav ib txwm tsaus dhau lawm; tej zaum yuav tsis meej pem nrog lwm cov xim |
| Tsis muaj xim xiav — "Peb sau npe rau IS circuits txawv" | Tsis ua raws li IEC 60079-14 rau kev teeb tsa tshiab |
"Xiav-Xiav" vs. "Xiav" - Qhov Txawv Txawv Tseem Ceeb:
| Kev piav qhia txog xim | Tus lej RAL | Puas siv tau rau IS? |
| Xiav-ntsuab | RAL 5015 | ✔ YOG — Yuav tsum muaj |
| Tus qauv xiav | RAL 5005, 5007, 5010, 5012 | ×TSIS MUAJ — Tsis ua raws li txoj cai |
| Xim xiav ntuj | RAL 5015 (ib yam li lub teeb xiav) | ✔YOG — Tus qauv zoo ib yam |
Ntawm Dingzun Cable,peb nrhiav thiab txheeb xyuas RAL 5015 lub teeb xiav tshwj xeeb rau peb cov IS cable tsim khoom - taug qab mus rau tus qauv xim. Peb tsis siv cov xim "ze txaus".
- Xiav-Xiav vs. Lwm Cov Cables "Xiav": Qhov Sib Txawv Tseem Ceeb
Tsis yog txhua txoj hlua uas zoo li xiav yog txoj hlua uas muaj kev nyab xeeb. Cov hlua ntsuas txheem qee zaum yog tsim los ntawm xiav tsaus (tsis yog IS) rau ntau lub hom phiaj sib txawv.
Rooj 3: Kev Txheeb Xyuas Kab Xiav - Qhov twg yog IS thiab qhov twg tsis yog?
| Xim Cable | RAL Siv | Puas Yog Ua Raws Cai? | Kev Siv Ib Txwm Muaj |
| Xiav-ntsuab | RAL 5015 | ✔ YOG — Muaj Kev Nyab Xeeb Los Ntawm Sab Hauv | IS circuits (Ex-ia/Ex-ib) ib IEC 60079-14 |
| Xiav tsaus nti | RAL 5005, 5010, 5012 | ×TSIS MUAJ — Tsis yog | Cov cuab yeej txheem (4-20mA, RTD, thermocouple) hauv thaj chaw tsis muaj kev phom sij |
| Xim xiav nruab nrab | RAL 5007, 5017 | ×TSIS MUAJ — Tsis yog | Cov cables marine, cov cuab yeej siv hauv nkoj |
| Teeb liab xiav | RAL 5005 | ×TSIS MUAJ — Tsis yog | Kev tswj hwm kev lag luam dav dav |
Ceeb Toom Tseem Ceeb:Ib txoj hlua "xiav" (txawm tias yog xim xiav zoo nkauj) yogtsis yogsiv tau ua IS cable yog tias nws tsis yog RAL 5015 xiav-ntsuab. Cov cables xiav tsaus (RAL 5005) feem ntau siv rau cov cuab yeej tsis yog IS. Kev siv cov cable xiav tsaus rau lub voj voog IS ua txhaum IEC 60079-14 thiab tsim kom muaj kev phom sij - cov neeg ua haujlwm saib xyuas yuav tsis paub nws ua IS.
Cov Lus Qhia Ceev Txog Kev Txheeb Xyuas Pom:
| Yog Koj Pom Xim No... | Nws YOG IS Cable Tsuas Yog tias ... |
| Xim xiav (RAL 5015) | ✔Tej zaum yuav yog — xyuas kom meej tias muaj cim Ex-ia/Ex-ib |
| Xiav tsaus nti | ×TSIS YOG — cov cuab yeej txheem |
| Dub, grey, liab, daj, txiv kab ntxwv, dawb | ×TSIS YOG — lub zog txheem lossis kev tswj hwm |
| Txhua yam xim uas muaj daim kab xev "IS" qhwv ib ncig ntawm nws | ×TSIS ua raws li txoj cai - daim kab xev tsis yog tas mus li |
Ntawm Dingzun Cable,peb cov cables IS sivxim RAL 5015 xiav-ntsuab— tau txheeb xyuas raws li daim ntawv qhia xim txheem. Peb tsis siv xiav tsaus lossis lwm yam xim rau IS circuits.
- Puas muaj tej yam tshwj xeeb rau txoj cai xim xiav?
Yog, muaj kev zam tsawg rau cov kev teeb tsa uas twb muaj lawm (yawg koob) thiab rau cov xov hlau me me heev.
Rooj 4: Cov Kev Zam rau Qhov Yuav Tsum Tau Ua Xim Xiav
| Qhov Xwm Txheej Tshwj Xeeb | Qhov Yuav Tsum Tau Ua | Lub Hauv Paus Kev Cai Lij Choj |
| Cov kev teeb tsa uas twb muaj lawm (ua ntej tus qauv) | Yawg; tsis tas yuav kho dua tshiab tshwj tsis yog hloov kho | IEC 60079-14 tso cai rau kev teeb tsa uas twb muaj lawm |
| Cov cables me dhau rau cov xim sheath(piv txwv li, | Cov cim xiav kajntawm qhov kawg (ob qho kawg) thiab ntawm 5m qhov sib nrug | IEC 60079-14 Tshooj 12.2.2.3 |
| Cov cables sab hauv enclosures (kawg tag nrho) | Kev txheeb xyuas yuav yog los ntawm kev sau npe rau ntawm lub qhov rooj lossis lub davhlau ya nyob twg | IEC 60079-14 |
| Cov voj voog tsis yog IS sab hauv IS vaj huam sib luag | Yuav tsum tau sib cais thiab sau kom meej tias "TSIS YOG" | IEC 60079-14 |
Cov Lus Qhia Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Tshwj Xeeb:
- "Nws tau teeb tsa 20 xyoo dhau los" TSIS yog ib qho kev zam txim rau kev ua haujlwm tshiab.Cov kev teeb tsa tshiab yuav tsum ua raws li IEC 60079-14 tam sim no.
- Daim kab xev TSIS yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem mus tas li.Yog tias ib txoj hlua tsis muaj lub hnab xiav daj, nws tsis ua raws li cov kev teeb tsa IS tshiab - txawm tias koj qhwv nws ntau npaum li cas los xij.
- Thaum tsis paub meej, siv xim xiav dawb.Tsis muaj kev nplua rau kev txheeb xyuas ntau dhau. Kev siv lub teeb xiav rau ntawm lub voj voog uas tsis yog IS tsis muaj teeb meem (txawm tias txawv txawv); kev siv lub teeb xiav rau ntawm lub voj voog IS yog qhov txaus ntshai thiab tsis ua raws li txoj cai.
(Qhov seem ntawm txoj hlua uas muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ua raws li txoj cai)
Ntawm Dingzun Cable,Peb pom zoo kom siv cov xov hlau uas muaj xim xiav tag nrho rau txhua lub voj voog IS, tshem tawm qhov xav tau daim kab xev lossis cov cim qhia. Rau cov xov hlau me me, peb muab cov cim qhia xiav ua ib qho kev daws teeb meem ntxiv.
- Tus lej xim xiav piv rau lwm cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb li cas?
Qhov kev xav tau xiav-ntsuab tau sib haum xeeb thoob ntiaj teb thoob plaws IEC cov tswv cuab lub teb chaws.
Rooj 5: Qhov Yuav Tsum Tau Siv Xim Xiav Thoob Plaws Cov Qauv Thoob Ntiaj Teb
| Tus Qauv | Thaj Chaw | Yog Cable Xim Yuav Tsum Tau |
| IEC 60079-14 | Thoob ntiaj teb (feem ntau lub teb chaws) | Xim xiav (RAL 5015) |
| EN 60079-14 | Tebchaws Europe (cov tswv cuab ntawm CENELEC) | Xim xiav (RAL 5015) |
| CSA C22.1 (Canadian Electrical Code) | Canada | Xiav-ntsuab(lossis lwm txoj kev txheeb xyuas, tab sis nyiam xiav daj) |
| NFPA 70 (NEC) Tshooj 504 | mos lwj | Yuav tsum muaj daim ntawv pov thawj;xiav kajfeem ntau lees txais thiab pom zoo |
| AS/NZS 60079.14 | Australia / New Zealand | Xiav-ntsuab |
| MS IEC 60079-14 | Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia | Xiav-ntsuab |
| GB 3836.15 | Tuam Tshoj | Xiav-ntsuab(xiav dawb) — sib npaug rau RAL 5015 |
Kev Pom Zoo Thoob Ntiaj Teb:Txawm hais tias tus lej txheem yog dab tsi los xij, qhov xav tau xim tau sib haum xeeb thoob plaws IEC cov tswv cuab lub teb chaws.Xim xiav (RAL 5015) yog lees paub thoob ntiaj teb tias yog xim rau cov voj voog muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Ntawm Dingzun Cable,Peb cov IS cables yog tsim los rau IEC 60079-14 lub teeb-xiav specification, xyuas kom meej tias ua raws li kev xa tawm mus rau txhua lub tebchaws IEC-adopting - suav nrog Tebchaws Europe, Australia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, thiab Africa. Rau North American projects, peb kuj tuaj yeem muab UL-listed cables nrog tib lub teeb-xiav cim.
- Yog Tias Kuv Daim Ntawv Thov Xav Tau Xim Txawv?
Qee cov OEMs lossis cov neeg siv kawg thov cov xim tsis yog xiav rau IS cables vim yog cov qauv xim sab hauv lossis cov kev nyiam hom.
Cov Lus Teb Nyuaj:Rau cov chaw teeb tsa tshiab uas muaj kev phom sij uas xav tau IEC 60079-14 ua raws li,koj siv tsis tau cov xov hlau uas tsis yog xim xiavrau IS circuits.
Cov Kev Xaiv Muaj:
| Kev xaiv | Kev Ua Raws Cai | Kev Pheej Hmoo |
| Siv tus qauv teeb xiav (RAL 5015) rau IS circuits | ✔Ua raws li txoj cai tag nrho | Tsis muaj dab tsi - qhov no yog txoj hauv kev zoo |
| Siv cov xov hlau uas tsis yog xiav + ntxiv cov cim/daim ntawv cim xiav txhua 5m | ! Ua raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua tab sis yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo cim thaj chaw | Cov cim yuav poob tau; siv zog ua haujlwm ntau |
| Siv cov xov hlau uas tsis yog xiav uas tsis muaj lub cim qhia txog lub teeb xiav | × Tsis ua raws li txoj cai | Kev hais txog kev cai lij choj; kev raug lub luag haujlwm; kev pheej hmoo tawg |
| Siv xim sib txawv rau cov voj voog uas tsis yog IS hauv tib qho chaw | ✔Ua raws li txoj cai | Tsuav yog IS circuits tseem yog lub teeb xiav, lwm yam xim tsis muaj kev txwv |
Cov Lus Qhia:Khaws cov IS circuits kom kaj xiav. Siv koj cov xim hom lossis cov lej sab hauv rau cov circuits uas tsis yog IS (kev tswj, lub zog, cov cuab yeej). Qhov no ua kom ua raws li txoj cai thaum tseem tso cai rau kev hloov kho qhov twg nws tseem ceeb.
Ntawm Dingzun Cable,Peb tuaj yeem tsim cov xov hlau uas tsis yog IS hauv txhua xim uas koj xav tau. Rau cov voj voog IS, peb muab cov xim xiav uas yuav tsum tau ua (RAL 5015) - tab sis peb kuj tuaj yeem muab cov xov hlau uas tsis yog IS rau lwm qhov chaw hauv koj lub tsev hauv koj cov xim tshwj xeeb, tsim kom muaj cov xov hlau tiav, xim coded.
- Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsis ua raws li txoj cai: Yuav ua li cas yog tias koj siv xim tsis raug?
Siv cov xov hlau uas tsis yog xim xiav rau IS circuits muaj cov teeb meem loj heev.
Rooj 6: Cov Teeb Meem Tsis Ua Raws Cai
| Qhov tshwm sim | Qhov hnyav | Kev piav qhia |
| Kev ua txhaum cai | Siab | OSHA, tus neeg kuaj xyuas hluav taws xob hauv zos, lossis tus neeg kuaj xyuas kev pov hwm tuaj yeem hais txog qhov kev teeb tsa |
| Kev kaw lub Hoobkas | Siab | Tus neeg tshuaj xyuas yuav xav tau hloov pauv tam sim ntawd ntawm txhua qhov tsis ua raws li IS cabling ua ntej pib dua |
| Kev lav ris | Tseem ceeb heev | Yog tias muaj kev tawg, cov cabling tsis ua raws li txoj cai tsim kev lav phib xaub rau tus tswv cog thiab lub tuam txhab engineering. |
| Kev tsis meej pem txog kev txij nkawm | Nruab Nrab-Siab | Cov kws kho hluav taws xob yav tom ntej yuav xav tias cov xov hlau uas tsis yog xiav yog tsis yog IS (txaus ntshai) lossis cov xov hlau xiav yog IS (tej zaum yuam kev yog tias txheeb xyuas tsis raug) |
| Kev tsis lees paub qhov kev thov pov hwm | Tseem ceeb heev | Cov neeg pov hwm yuav tsis lees txais cov lus thov yog tias kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob tsis ua raws li txoj cai ua rau muaj xwm txheej |
| Cov teeb meem xa tawm/daim ntawv pov thawj | Siab | Cov tshuab uas muaj cov xov hluav taws xob IS tsis ua raws li txoj cai tsis tuaj yeem tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj CE/ATEX/IECEx rau thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij |
Cov Lus Qhia Tseem Ceeb:Tus nqi sib txawv ntawm cov cable IS xiav uas ua raws li txoj cai thiab cov cable tsis ua raws li txoj cai yogtsis tseem ceebpiv rau qhov muaj peev xwm lav thiab lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm los ntawm kev tsis ua raws li txoj cai. Tsis muaj laj thawj zoo los siv xim tsis raug.
Ntawm Dingzun Cable,peb cov xov hluav taws xob IS xiav muaj tus nqi sib tw nrog cov xov hluav taws xob txheem - tsis muaj kev nplua rau kev ua raws li txoj cai.
Txog Dingzun Cable: Koj Tus Khub Tsim Kho Cable Uas Muaj Kev Nyab Xeeb
Nrog20+ xyoo ntawm kev tsim khoom tshwj xeeb,Dingzun Cableyog ib tus khub koom tes uas ntseeg siab rau lub zog thoob ntiaj teb, tshuaj lom neeg, kev khawb av thiab cov haujlwm tshuaj uas xav tau daim ntawv pov thawj,Cov xov hlau uas muaj kev nyab xeeb sab hauv (IS)rau cov cuab yeej siv rau thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij. Peb muab kev paub tob txog thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij ua ke nrogkev hloov kho tau yooj yim heevkom xa cov cables uas ua tau raws li koj cov lus qhia IS tseeb - suav nrog cov xim xiav xiav (RAL 5015) uas yuav tsum tau ua.
Peb Lub Peev Xwm Cable Muaj Kev Nyab Xeeb:
| Muaj peev xwm | Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Dingzun |
| Kev Ua Raws Cai | IEC 60079-11, IEC 60079-14, NFPA 70, IEEE 1580 |
| Xim ntawm lub hnab tshos | Xim xiav (RAL 5015)— tau txheeb xyuas raws li daim ntawv qhia xim txheem |
| Cov Qib Kev Tiv Thaiv | Txij no mus(Cheeb Tsam 0),Ex-ib(Cheeb Tsam 1) |
| Cov Khoom Siv Sheath | LSZH (kev nyab xeeb hluav taws, pa luam yeeb tsawg), PUR (roj/kev puas tsuaj tsis kam), PVC (dav dav) |
| Kev rwb thaiv tsev | PE los yog XLPE— lub peev xwm qis (≤150 nF / km) |
| Kev tiv thaiv | Tag nrho cov hlau tooj liab braid(≥85% kev pab them nqi) + cov hlau ntws |
| Tus Neeg Coj | Tooj liab uas muaj hlua khi (Chav Kawm 5/6, 18-24 AWG) |
| Cov Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob | Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Lc (µH/m) thiab Cc (nF/km)muab rau kev suav cov koom haum |
| Kub thiab txias | -40°C txog +90°C (tus qauv); -65°C txog +200°C (FEP zoo tshaj) |
| Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws | IEC 60332-1-2 (tus qauv); IEC 60332-3-24 (LSZH xaiv) |
| Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj | ISO 9001: 2015, CE, RoHS, REACH |
| Kev Cim Cable | Cov cim "Ex-ia" lossis "Ex-ib" uas ruaj khov rau ntawm lub hnab xiav daj |
| Kev kuaj xyuas | 100% kev kuaj hluav taws xobntawm txhua lub reel |
Vim li cas Dingzun Cable rau Koj Qhov Chaw Teeb Tsa Phom Sij:
- Xim RAL 5015 xiav-xim av— tau txheeb xyuas, sau tseg, thiab sib xws ua pawg rau pawg
- Kev hloov kho tau yooj yim heev— suav khub (1 txog 100+), ntsuas, stranding, shielding, sheath khoom
- Cov kev ntsuas hluav taws xob IS uas tau ntawv pov thawj— Cov nqi Cc thiab Lc muab rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov chaw
- Pab neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom tshaj lij— Kev txhawb nqa rau kev suav cov parameter ntawm cov khoom thiab kev sib phim ntawm cov teeb meem
- Kev sib txuas lus ncaj qha rau cov kws tshaj lij- Cov lus hais sai, cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev siv tshuab tag nrho, kev xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb
- Cov ntaub ntawv tiav— Cov ntawv qhia txog kev xeem, daim ntawv pov thawj ua raws li txoj cai, thiab kev taug qab tau txhua yam khoom xa tuaj