Ke Hobane'ng ha Likhoele Tse Sireletsehileng ka Hare li le Putsoa?
- Karabo e Tobileng: Putsoa e Bolela ho Sireletseha, Eseng Putsoa e Bolela Kotsi
Likhoele tse sireletsehileng ka hare ho tsona li putsoa hobane maemo a machaba (IEC 60079-14) a laela boputsoa bo bobebe (RAL 5015) bakeng sa ho tsebahatsa potoloho ea IS.
Ha u tsamaea setsing sefe kapa sefe se kotsi sa indasteri—fektheri ea oli, fektheri ea lik'hemik'hale, fektheri ea ts'ebetso ea khase ea tlhaho, fektheri ea meriana, kapa merafo ea mashala e ka tlas'a lefatše—u tla hlokomela lintho tse ikhethang.likhoele tse putsoa bo bobebee sebetsang haufi le lithapo tse tloaelehileng tse ntšo le tse putsoa.
Lithapo tsena tse putsoa keha se khetho ea moralo ea moetsikapa khetho ea botle. Ketlhoko ea polokeho e laetsoeng lefatšeng ka bopharaka morero o bonolo empa o le bohlokoa:
"Boputsoa bo bobebe bo khetholla disekete tsa IS. Mmala ofe kapa ofe o mong - o ka nka hore o kotsi."
Molao oa 'Mala:
| 'Mala oa Selateng sa Cable | Moelelo |
| Boputsoa bo Bobebe (RAL 5015) | ✔ Potoloho e Sireletsehileng ka ho Fetisisa (IS)— e na le matla a fokolang, e bolokehile ho sebetsa ho eona |
| Botsho, Bohlooho, Putsoa bo Lefifi, Bofubelu, Bosehla, Lamunu, Bosweu | × Potoloho e seng ea IS— nahana hore matla a kotsi a teng |
（Boputsoa bo bobebe (RAL 5015) = IS Circuit VS botsho khahlano le bofubedu）
Ho Dingzun Cable,likhoele tsohle tsa rona tse sireletsehileng ka tlhaho li na leselateng sa kantle sa RAL 5015 se boputsoa bo bobebeka letšoao le tšoarellang la "Ex-ia" kapa "Ex-ib"—ho netefatsa hore sebaka se kotsi se latela melao hang-hang ho latela IEC 60079-14.
- Morero oa Polokeho: Hobaneng ho Hlahisa Mebala ho le Bohlokoa
Khoutu ea 'mala o moputsoa ha e khabise—ketekanyo ea polokeho ea bophelobakeng sa basebetsi ba sebetsang libakeng tse kotsi.
Tafole ea 1: Morero oa Polokeho oa Likhoele tsa Blue IS
| Boemo bo se Nang Khoutu ea 'Mala o Putsoa | Sephetho | Kamoo Putsoa e e Thibelang Kateng |
| Setsebi sa motlakase sa tlhokomelo se fosa thapo ea motlakase eo e seng ea IS bakeng sa potoloho ea IS | Ba ka ’na ba sebetsa ho eona ka kotloloho, ba nahana hore e bolokehile —kotsi ea motlakase | Thapo e putsoa ea IS e bonahala hang-hang; lithapo tse seng tsa IS ha li putsoa |
| Setsebi se hokahanya motlakase oa AC oa 120V ka phoso le block ea terminal ea IS | Matla a feta tekanyo ea polokeho ea mokoallo —kotsi ea ho phatloha | Likhoele tsa IS tse putsoa li arotsoe ho lithapo tse seng tsa IS; li-terminal le tsona li putsoa |
| Nakong ea phetoho ea sistimi, thapo ea IS e hokeloa ka har'a mothapo o seng oa IS | Matla a hlahisoang ke likhoele tsa motlakase tse haufi a ka hotetsa moea o kotsi | Likhoele tse putsoa li tsamaisoa ka thoko (≥50mm ho tloha ho e seng ea IS kapa ka mokoallo o thellang fatše) |
| Setsebi se secha sa motlakase se sa tloaelaneng le fektheri se nahana hore likhoele tsohle li kotsi ka ho lekana | Ho senya nako ho hlahloba litšoantšo; liphoso tse ka bang teng tsa ho sebetsa ka kotloloho | "Putsoa = bolokehile" ke tekanyetso ea lefats'e e rutoang koetlisong ea motlakase lefatšeng ka bophara |
Molao-motheo oa Bohlokoa:'Mala o moputsoa o bobebe o fana kaboitsebiso ba pono hang-hangSetsebi sa motlakase se kenang sebakeng se kotsi se ka lemoha disekete tsa IS hang-hang ka sheathing e putsoa — ha ho hlokahale hore se hlahlobe mabitso, ditshwantsho, kapa se kope mookamedi.
Ho Dingzun Cable,Re hatisa "Ex-ia" kapa "Ex-ib" lithapong tsa rona tse putsoa bo bobebe bakeng sa netefatso ea bobeli, re netefatsa hore ha ho na ho hlaka esita le maemong a mabe a mabone.
- Tekanyetso: Seo IEC 60079-14 e se Hlokang
IEC 60079-14 ke tekanyetso ea machaba bakeng sa ho kenya motlakase libakeng tse phatlohang. Karolo ea 12.2.2.3 e bua ka ho khetheha ka ho tsebahatsa potoloho ea IS.
Tafole ea 2: Litlhoko tsa Khoutu ea 'Mala ea Cable ea IEC 60079-14 IS
| Tlhokahalo | Tlhaloso | Mohloli |
| Selateng sa kantle sa cable | Putsoa bo bobebe(RAL 5015) | Karolo ea IEC 60079-14 12.2.2.3 |
| Mekhoa ea likhoerekhoere | 'Mala o moputsoa o bobebe kapa mongolo o reng "O Sireletsehile ka Botlalo" | IEC 60079-14 |
| Li-block tsa terminal | Sethibela-mollo se boputsoa bo bobebe kapa letšoao le boputsoa bo bobebe | IEC 60079-14 |
| Li-enclosure tse nang le lipotoloho tsa IS | Leiboleng le boputsoa bo bobebe kapa letšoao holim'a sekwahelo | IEC 60079-14 |
| Ho tšoaea ka thapo | Letšoao la "Ex-ia" kapa "Ex-ib" le tšoarellang | IEC 60079-14 |
| Karohano ho tloha ho likhoele tse seng tsa IS | Karohano ea ≥50mm (kapa ka karohano ea tšepe e thehiloeng fatše) | IEC 60079-14 |
Seo se sa dumellwang:
| Mokhoa o thibetsoeng | Hobaneng e sa Lumelloe |
| Ho sebelisa thapo e ntšo e nang le matšoao a teipi e putsoa | Theipi e oa; ha e sa feleng; ha e latele melao |
| Ho sebedisa "putswa" e seng RAL 5015 | FeelaRAL 5015 e putsoa bo bobebee boletsoe — putsoa e tloaelehileng ha e amohelehe |
| "Re 'nile ra sebelisa putsoa kamehla" (e seng putsoa bo bobebe) | Putsoa e tloaelehileng e lefifi haholo; e ka ferekanngoa le mebala e meng |
| Ha ho na 'mala o moputsoa — "Re ngola mabitso a disekete tsa IS ka tsela e fapaneng" | Ha e latele IEC 60079-14 bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ncha |
"Boputsoa bo bobebe" khahlanong le "Boputsoa" — Phapang ea Bohlokoa:
| Tlhaloso ea 'Mala | Khoutu ea RAL | E amoheleha bakeng sa IS? |
| Putsoa bo bobebe | RAL 5015 | ✔ EE — E a hlokahala |
| Putsoa e tloaelehileng | RAL 5005, 5007, 5010, 5012 | ×CHE — Ha e latele melao |
| Leholimo le leputsoa | RAL 5015 (e tšoanang le e putsoa bo bobebe) | ✔EE — Tekanyetso e tšoanang |
Ho Dingzun Cable,Re fumana le ho netefatsa motsoako oa RAL 5015 o boputsoa bo bobebe ka ho khetheha bakeng sa tlhahiso ea rona ea cable ea IS — e ka lateloang ho latela litlhaloso tse tloaelehileng tsa 'mala. Ha re sebelise mebala e "haufi ka ho lekaneng".
- Likhoele tse Boputsoa bo Bobebe khahlanong le tse ling tse "Putsoa": Phapang e Bohlokoa
Hase thapo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e shebahalang e le putsoa e leng thapo e sireletsehileng ka tlhaho. Ka linako tse ling lithapo tse tloaelehileng tsa lisebelisoa li etsoa ka boputsoa bo lefifi (eseng ba IS) bakeng sa merero e fapaneng.
Tafole ea 3: Tlhahlobo ea Cable e Putsoa — Ke Eng e Leng IS le Eng e Seng?
| 'Mala oa Cable | Referense ea RAL | NA E latela melao? | Tšebeliso e Tloaelehileng |
| Putsoa bo bobebe | RAL 5015 | ✔ EE — E Sireletsehile ka Botlalo | Disekete tsa IS (Ex-ia/Ex-ib) ho ya ka IEC 60079-14 |
| Boputsoa bo lefifi | RAL 5005, 5010, 5012 | ×CHE — Hase IS | Lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng (4-20mA, RTD, thermocouple) libakeng tse seng kotsi |
| Putsoa e mahareng | RAL 5007, 5017 | ×CHE — Hase IS | Likhoele tsa likepe, lisebelisoa tsa likepe |
| Letšoao le leputsoa | RAL 5005 | ×CHE — Hase IS | Taolo e akaretsang ea indasteri |
Temoso ea Bohlokoa:Thapo e "putsoa" (esita le 'mala o moputsoa o motle) keesenge amoheleha e le thapo ea IS haeba e se RAL 5015 e putsoa bo bobebe. Lithapo tse putsoa bo lefifi (RAL 5005) li sebelisoa hangata bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse seng tsa IS. Ho sebelisa thapo e putsoa bo lefifi bakeng sa potoloho ea IS ho tlōla IEC 60079-14 'me ho baka boemo bo kotsi—basebetsi ba tlhokomelo ba ke ke ba e lemoha e le IS.
Tataiso e Potlakileng ea ho Itsebahatsa ka Pono:
| Haeba U Bona 'Mala ona... | Ke thapo ea IS feela haeba... |
| Putsoa e bobebe (RAL 5015) | ✔Mohlomong IS — netefatsa letšoao la Ex-ia/Ex-ib |
| Boputsoa bo lefifi | ×HA SE KE — disebediswa tse tlwaelehileng |
| Botsho, bohlooho, bofubedu, bosehla, lamunu, bosweu | ×HA SE — matla kapa taolo e tloaelehileng |
| 'Mala ofe kapa ofe o nang le teipi ea "IS" e phuthetsoeng ho potoloha eona | ×HA E latele melao — theipi ha se ya kamehla |
Ho Dingzun Cable,Tšebeliso ea likhoele tsa rona tsa ISRAL 5015 e putsoa bo bobebe hantle— e netefalitsoe khahlanong le chate e tloaelehileng ea mebala. Ha re sebelise boputsoa bo lefifi kapa moriti ofe kapa ofe bakeng sa lipotoloho tsa IS.
- Na ho na le Mekhelo ho Molao oa 'Mala o Putsoa?
E, ho na le mekhelo e fokolang bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse seng li ntse li le teng (tse entsoeng ke ntate-moholo) le bakeng sa likhoele tse nyane haholo.
Tafole ea 4: Mekhelo ho Tlhokahalo ea Boputsoa bo Leseli
| Boemo ba Mokhelo | Tlhokahalo | Motheo oa Taolo |
| Mehaho e seng e ntse e le teng (e seng ea maemo a holimo) | E ne e le ntate-moholo; ha ho hlokahale tokiso ntle le haeba e fetotsoe | IEC 60079-14 e lumella lits'ebetso tse seng li ntse li latela melao |
| Likhoele li nyane haholo bakeng sa sheath e mebala(mohlala, | Matšoao a boputsoa bo bobebelipheletsong (maqetellong ka bobeli) le ka mekhahlelo ea 5m | Karolo ea IEC 60079-14 12.2.2.3 |
| Likhoele tse ka hare ho li-enclosure (tse koetsoeng ka botlalo) | Ho tsebahatsa ho ka etsoa ka ho ngola mabitso holim'a sekwahelo kapa bolokong ba terminal | IEC 60079-14 |
| Lipotoloho tse seng tsa IS ka hare ho liphanele tsa IS | E tlameha ho aroloa le ho ngoloa ka ho hlaka hore "HA E-E" | IEC 60079-14 |
Lintlha tsa Bohlokoa Mabapi le Mekhelo:
- "E kentsoe lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng" HA SE lebaka la mosebetsi o mocha.Mehaho e mecha e tlameha ho latela IEC 60079-14 ea hajoale.
- Theipi HA SE tharollo ea ka ho sa feleng.Haeba thapo e se na sheath e putsoa bo bobebe, ha e lumellane le lits'ebetso tse ncha tsa IS — ho sa tsotelehe hore na u e phuthela ka theipi e putsoa hakae.
- Ha o belaela, sebelisa boputsoa bo bobebe.Ha ho na kotlo bakeng sa ho tsebahatsa ho feta tekano. Ho sebelisa boputsoa bo bobebe potolohong e seng ea IS ha ho kotsi (le hoja ho sa tloaeleha); ho sebelisa boputsoa bo bobebe potolohong ea IS ho kotsi ebile ha ho latele melao.
(Karolo e tshekaletseng ya thapo e bolokehileng ka tlhaho e lumellanang le melao)
Ho Dingzun Cable,Re khothaletsa ho sebelisa likhoele tse nang le sekwahelo se seputsoa bo bobebe ka botlalo bakeng sa lipotoloho tsohle tsa IS, ho felisa tlhoko ea theipi kapa matšoao a sebelisitsoeng tšimong. Bakeng sa likhoele tse nang le gauge e nyane, re fana ka matšoao a boputsoa bo bobebe e le tharollo e tlatsetsang.
- Khoutu ea 'Mala o Putsoa e Bapisoa Joang le Maemo a Mang a Lefatše?
Tlhokahalo ea boputsoa bo bobebe e hokahanngoa lefatšeng ka bophara ho pholletsa le linaha tseo e leng litho tsa IEC.
Tafole ea 5: Tlhokahalo ea Boputsoa bo Bobebe ho pholletsa le Maemo a Lefatše
| E tloaelehileng | Sebaka | Tlhokahalo ea 'Mala oa Cable ea IS |
| IEC 60079-14 | Machaba (linaha tse ngata) | Putsoa e bobebe (RAL 5015) |
| EN 60079-14 | Yuropa (litho tsa CENELEC) | Putsoa e bobebe (RAL 5015) |
| CSA C22.1 (Khoutu ea Motlakase ea Canada) | Kanada | Putsoa bo bobebe(kapa mekhoa e meng ea boitsebiso, empa ho khethoa boputsoa bo bobebe) |
| NFPA 70 (NEC) Athikele ea 504 | khama | Ho hlokahala boitsebiso;boputsoa bo bobebee amoheloa hangata ebile e khothaletsoa |
| AS/NZS 60079.14 | Australia / New Zealand | Putsoa bo bobebe |
| MS IEC 60079-14 | Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia | Putsoa bo bobebe |
| GB 3836.15 | Chaena | Putsoa bo bobebe(boputsoa bo bobebe) — e lekanang le RAL 5015 |
Tumellano ea Lefatše ka Bophara:Ho sa tsotelehe palo e tloaelehileng, tlhoko ea 'mala e lumellana ho pholletsa le linaha tseo e leng litho tsa IEC.Boputsoa bo bobebe (RAL 5015) bo tsejoa lefatšeng ka bophara e le 'mala oa lipotoloho tse sireletsehileng ka tlhaho.
Ho Dingzun Cable,Likhoele tsa rona tsa IS li etsoa ho latela litlhaloso tsa IEC 60079-14 tse boputsoa bo bobebe, ho netefatsa hore ho latela melao bakeng sa ho romela thepa naheng efe kapa efe e amohelang IEC — ho kenyeletsoa Europe, Australia, Asia Boroa-bochabela, Bochabela bo Hare le Afrika. Bakeng sa merero ea Amerika Leboea, re ka boela ra fana ka likhoele tse thathamisitsoeng ho UL tse nang le boitsebiso bo tšoanang bo boputsoa bo bobebe.
- Ho thoe'ng haeba Kopo ea Ka e Hloka 'Mala o Fapaneng?
Barekisi ba bang ba OEM kapa basebelisi ba ho qetela ba kopa mebala e seng putsoa bakeng sa likhoele tsa IS ka lebaka la merero ea ka hare ea ho ngola mebala kapa likhetho tsa lets'oao.
Karabo e Thata:Bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ncha tsa libaka tse kotsi tse hlokang ho latela melao ea IEC 60079-14,o ke ke wa sebedisa thapo e se nang boputswa bo bobebebakeng sa lipotoloho tsa IS.
Likhetho tse fumanehang:
| Khetho | Ho latela melao | Kotsi |
| Sebelisa boputsoa bo bobebe bo tloaelehileng (RAL 5015) bakeng sa lipotoloho tsa IS | ✔E lumellana ka botlalo | Ha ho letho — ena ke mokhoa o nepahetseng |
| Sebelisa thapo e seng putsoa + eketsa matšoao/li-tag tse boputsoa bo bobebe metsotsong e meng le e meng e 5 | ！ E lumellana empa e hloka ho tšoaea tšimo ka hloko | Matšoao a ka oa; a hloka mosebetsi o mongata |
| Sebelisa thapo e seng putsoa e se nang boitsebiso bo boputsoa bo bobebe | × Ha e latele melao | Qotso ea molao; ho pepesehela boikarabello; kotsi ea ho phatloha |
| Sebelisa 'mala o fapaneng bakeng sa lipotoloho tse seng tsa IS setsing se le seng | ✔E lumellana le melao | Ha feela lipotoloho tsa IS li ntse li le boputsoa bo bobebe, mebala e meng ha e na lithibelo |
Keletso:Boloka lipotoloho tsa IS li le boputsoa bo bobebe. Sebelisa mebala ea lets'oao la hau kapa khoutu ea kahare bakeng sa lipotoloho tse seng tsa IS (taolo, matla, lisebelisoa). Sena se boloka ho latela melao ha ka nako e ts'oanang se lumella ho fetoloa moo ho hlokahalang.
Ho Dingzun Cable,re ka etsa dikheibole tse seng tsa IS ka mmala ofe kapa ofe oo o o hlokang. Bakeng sa dipotoloho tsa IS, re fana ka boputswa bo bobebe bo tlamang (RAL 5015) — empa re ka boela ra fana ka dikheibole tse seng tsa IS bakeng sa setsi sa hao kaofela ka mebala ya hao e boletsweng, ho theha sistimi e felletseng ya ho kenya dithapo e nang le mmala.
- Liphello tsa ho se Latele Melao: Ho Etsahala'ng Haeba U Sebelisa 'Mala o Fosahetseng?
Ho sebelisa thapo e seng putsoa bo bobebe bakeng sa lipotoloho tsa IS ho na le liphello tse mpe.
Tafole ea 6: Liphello tsa ho se latele melao
| Sephetho | Bohloko | Tlhaloso |
| Tlōlo ea molao | Holimo | OSHA, mohlahlobi oa motlakase oa lehae, kapa mohlahlobi oa inshorense a ka qotsa ho kenngoa ha eona |
| Ho koaloa ha fektheri | Holimo | Mohlahlobi a ka 'na a hloka hore likhoele tsohle tsa IS tse sa lateleng melao li nkeloe sebaka hang-hang pele a qala bocha. |
| Ho pepesehela boikarabello | Bohlokoa | Haeba ho ka phatloha, ho kenya dikheibole tse sa lateleng melao ho baka boikarabello bakeng sa mong'a feme le feme ya boenjiniere. |
| Pherekano ea tlhokomelo | Mahareng-Holimo | Litsebi tsa motlakase tsa nakong e tlang li ka 'na tsa nahana hore thapo e seng putsoa ha se IS (e kotsi) kapa thapo e putsoa ke IS (e ka 'na ea fosahetse haeba e sa tsejoe hantle) |
| Ho hana tleleime ea inshorense | Bohlokoa | Bafani ba inshorense ba ka hana litletlebo haeba ho kenngoa ha motlakase ho sa lateleng melao ho kentse letsoho ketsahalong eo |
| Mathata a ho romela kantle ho naha/setifikeiti | Holimo | Mechini e nang le terata ea IS e sa lateleng melao e ke ke ea fumana setifikeiti sa CE/ATEX/IECEx bakeng sa libaka tse kotsi |
Ntlha ea Bohlokoa:Phapang ea litšenyehelo pakeng tsa thapo ea IS e putsoa bo bobebe e lumellanang le thapo e sa lumellaneng le melao kee sa tsotellengha ho bapisoa le boikarabello bo ka bang teng le nako ea ho se latele melao. Ha ho na lebaka le utloahalang la ho sebelisa 'mala o fosahetseng.
Ho Dingzun Cable,Likhoele tsa rona tsa IS tse boputsoa bo bobebe li theko e phahameng ka likhoele tse tloaelehileng tsa lisebelisoa — ha ho na kotlo ea litšenyehelo bakeng sa ho latela melao.
Mabapi le Dingzun Cable: Molekane oa Hao oa Boenjiniere ba Cable e Sireletsehileng ka ho Fetisisa
KaLilemo tse 20+ tsa boiphihlelo bo khethehileng ba tlhahiso,Cable ea Dingzunke molekane ea tšepahalang bakeng sa merero ea lefats'e ea eneji, lik'hemik'hale, merafo le meriana e hlokang setifikeitiLikhoele tse Sireletsehileng ka ho Fetisisa (IS)bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa libaka tse kotsi. Re kopanya boiphihlelo bo tebileng ba libaka tse kotsi leho iketsetsa lintho ka mokhoa o feteletsengho fana ka dikheibole tse fihlelang ditlhoko tsa hao tsa IS — ho kenyeletswa le khoutu ya mmala e tlamang ya boputswa bo bobebe (RAL 5015).
Bokhoni ba rona ba Cable bo Sireletsehileng ka ho Fetisisa:
| Bokhoni | Tlhaloso ea Dingzun |
| Ho latela melao | IEC 60079-11, IEC 60079-14, NFPA 70, IEEE 1580 |
| 'Mala oa Selati | Putsoa e bobebe (RAL 5015)— e netefalitsoe khahlanong le chate e tloaelehileng ea mebala |
| Maemo a Tšireletso | Ho tloha joale(Sebaka sa 0),E kileng ea e-ba e mong(Sebaka sa 1) |
| Selateng sa Boitsebiso | LSZH (polokeho mollong, mosi o tlase), PUR (ho hanyetsa oli/ho abrasion), PVC (kakaretso) |
| Ho kenya mocheso | PE kapa XLPE— bokgoni bo tlase (≤150 nF/km) |
| Tšireletso | Moriri oa koporo o entsoeng ka makotikoti ka kakaretso(Kahare ea ≥85%) + terata ea drain |
| Motsamaisi | Koporo e koahetsoeng ka makotikoti (Sehlopha sa 5/6, 18-24 AWG) |
| Liparamente tsa Motlakase | Lc e netefalitsoeng (µH/m) le Cc (nF/km)e fanoeng bakeng sa lipalo tsa mekhatlo |
| Boemo ba Thempereichara | -40°C ho isa ho +90°C (e tloaelehileng); -65°C ho isa ho +200°C (FEP e phahameng) |
| Tekanyetso ea Lelakabe | IEC 60332-1-2 (e tloaelehileng); IEC 60332-3-24 (likhetho tsa LSZH) |
| Lisetifikeiti | ISO 9001:2015, CE, RoHS, REACH |
| Ho tšoaea Cable | Letšoao le tšoarellang la "Ex-ia" kapa "Ex-ib" sekoting se boputsoa bo bobebe |
| Teko | Teko ea motlakase ea 100%ho reel e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe |
Hobaneng Cable ea Dingzun Bakeng sa ho Kenya Sebaka sa Hao se Kotsi:
- 'Mala o moputsoa o bobebe oa RAL 5015 hantle— sehlopha se netefalitsoeng, se ngotsoeng, le se lumellanang sa sehlopha ka seng
- Ho iketsetsa lintho ka mokhoa o feteletseng— Palo ea lipara (1 ho isa ho 100+), gauge, ho khomaretsa, ho sireletsa, thepa ea selateng
- Litekanyetso tsa motlakase tsa IS tse netefalitsoeng— Boleng ba Cc le Lc bo fanoe bakeng sa netefatso ea mokhatlo
- Sehlopha sa boenjiniere ba litsebi— Tšehetso bakeng sa lipalo tsa liparamente tsa mokhatlo le ho bapisa lithibelo
- Puisano e tobileng ea litsebi— Litheko tse potlakileng, maqephe a data a felletseng a tekheniki, thomello ea lefats'e
- Litokomane tse felletseng— Litlaleho tsa liteko, mangolo a ho latela melao, le ho sala morao bakeng sa thomello e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe