He aha te tikanga o te taura haumaru ā-roto?
- Kupu Whakataki: He aha te Hiranga o te "Haumaru ā-roto"
I roto i ngā ahumahi pēnei i ngā whare hanga hinu, ngā whare matū, ngā whare tukatuka hau, ngā maina waro i raro i te whenua, me te hanga rongoā, kei roto i te hau ngā hau mura, ngā kohu, ngā puehu mura rānei. I roto i ēnei wāhi morearea, ka taea e te mura hiko noa mai i te taura pakaru, i te hononga kore rānei te whakaoho i tētahi pahūtanga nui.
(Kauwhata pūnaha Haumaru ā-roto (IS))
Koinei te wāhingā taura haumaru ā-roto (IS)kia tino hira te mahi a te misioni.
Kua hangaia he taura haumaru ā-roto kiakāore e whakaputa, kāore rānei e penapena i te nui o te pūngao hikokia mura ai—ahakoa i raro i ngā āhuatanga hapa pēnei i te ara iahiko poto, i ngā hapa whenua rānei. He rerekē ki ngā tikanga ātete-pahū (Ex-d) e pupuri ana i te pahūtanga i roto i te whare taumaha, ka ārai te haumaru ā-roto i te pahūtanga i te tuatahi.
E whakamārama ana tēnei aratohu i te tikanga o te taura haumaru ā-roto, me pēhea tana mahi, te tūranga matua o te kaha hiko me te hiko hiko, me te take e hiahiatia ai te waehere tae kikorangi puta noa i te ao mō ngā whakaurunga wāhi morearea.
- Whakamāramatanga: He aha te Taura Haumaru ā-Whaiaro?
Whakamāramatanga Whaimana:Ko te ara iahiko haumaru ā-roto ko tētahi "kāore e taea e te mura, e te pānga wera rānei te mura o te ranunga o ngā rauemi mura, ngā mea rānei e mura ana i te hau i raro i ngā tikanga whakamātautau kua whakaritea" (IEC 60079-11).
E pā ana ki ngā taura, ka whakaratohia e Eland Cables tētahi whakamārama whai hua:
"He hiri tonu ngā taura hiko, nō reira, e kiia ana he haumaru ā-roto i ētahi mahi mēnā ka tiakina mai i ngā kino, i ngā papa hiko, i ngā papa aukume rānei o waho (EMI), ā, ka wehea mai i ngā ara iahiko kāore i te haumaru ā-roto."
I ngā kupu māmā noa iho:Ina whakamahia he taura haumaru ā-roto hei wāhanga o tētahi pūnaha IS whaimana me ngā ārai whakawhāiti-pūngao e tika ana, e kore rawa e whakaputa i te mura e nui ana te wera, e nui ana rānei te kaha hei whakakā i te hau morearea e karapoti ana.
Te Wehewehenga Arohaehae:
| Tikanga Tiaki | Te Āhua o tana Mahi | Te Tūranga o te Taura |
| Ārai-Pahūtanga (Ex-d) | Kei roto te pahūtanga i roto i tētahi kōhao taumaha, ātete mura | Ka uru te taura mā te repe ātete mura; ka mahi te pouaka tiaki |
| Haumaru ā-roto (Ex-i / IS) | Ārai i te muramā te whakawhāiti i te pūngao hiko i raro i ngā paepae mura | Me whakahaere ngā tawhā hiko o te taura (te kaha, te ine i te hiko); me ārai te parepare i te whakapūtanga EMI. |
I Dingzun Cable,Ko ā mātou taura taputapu haumaru tūturu he mea hanga ki te hanganga iti-pūngao, iti-whakaoho, me ngā hipoki kikorangi mārama e tutuki ana i te IEC 60079-14—kia noho haumaru ai, kia whaimana ai hoki ō taputapu mō ngā wāhi morearea.
- Te Mahi: Te Mātāpono Whakawhāiti Pūngao
Kāore te pūnaha haumaru ā-roto e whakawhirinaki ki ngā ārai taumaha. Engari, ka whakawhirinaki kite herenga pūngao.
3.1 Te Hanganga Pūnaha IS
E toru ngā wāhanga o tētahi porowhita taputapu IS e mahi tahi ana:
| Wāhanga | Tauwāhi | Mahi |
| Ārai IS(Te Diode Zener, te Whakawehe Galvanic rānei) | Wāhi Haumaru (Rūma Whakahaere) | Ka whakawhāiti i te ngaohiko, te iahiko, me te mana katoa ki ngā taumata haumaru (i te nuinga o te wāi raro i te 1.3 watts, he maha ngā wā |
| Taura IS | Rohe Mōrearea (Rohe 0/1/2) | Ka tuku i te pūngao iti i te wā ekāore e penapena pūngao tāpirika taea te tuku hei mura |
| Taputapu Papa IS | Rohe Mōrearea (hei tauira, Rohe 1) | I hangaia kia mahi haumaru i roto i te whānuitanga iti o te kaha |
3.2 Te Raru Rokiroki Pūngao: He aha te Hiranga o te Pūngao me te Āheinga
Ahakoa he ārai tino pai e whakawhāiti ana i te mana ki te taura tonuka taea te penapena i te pūngao hiko i roto i ngā āhua e rua:
Pūngao (C):He rite te mahi a te taura ki te pūnga hiko. Ka rongoa ia kaiārahi hiko, me te wāhi i waenganui i te kaiārahi hiko me te parepare, i te utu hiko. Ina momotuhia, ina poto rānei te taura, ka tukuna tēnei utu kua rongoatia hei mura.He nui ake te kaha o te mura = he nui ake te mōrearea mura.
Te Āheinga (L):Ka rongoa te taura i te pūngao aukume. Ina whakatuwheratia te ara iahiko, ka hinga tēnei papa aukume kua rongoatia, ka puta he pikinga ngaohiko ka taea te hanga i te mura.He nui ake te hiko hiko = he nui ake te pikinga ngaohiko = he nui ake te mōrearea mura.
Ripanga 1: He aha te mea nui o te iti o te kaha me te iti o te hiko mō ngā taura IS
| Tawhā | Tohu | Ngā Wāhanga | Te Mōrearea | Whakaritenga IS |
| Pūngao (Matua-Matua) | Kc | nF/km, pF/m rānei | Ka rongoa te taura i te utu hiko. Ina poto te taura, ka tukuna hei mura. Ko te Cc teitei ake = ko te mura nui ake | Me iti( |
| Pūngao (Paruru Matua) | Kc | nF/km, pF/m rānei | Ka rongoa te utu i waenga i te ara iahiko me te parepare. He mea nui mō ngā taura kua āraia | Me tuhi |
| Te hikohiko | Lc | µH/m, mH/km rānei | Ka rongoa te taura i te pūngao aukume. Ina whakatuwheratia, ka puta he pikinga hiko i te papa hinga. | Me iti, me whakahaere hoki |
| Ōwehenga L/R | R/R | µH/Ω | Te pūmau wā o te ara iahiko; e whakamahia ana mō te tiwhikete taura keri (BS 6704) | Me rite ki ngā whakaritenga ārai |
Te Whakapūtanga Whaihua:He nui ake te kaha e rongoa ana i tētahi taura paerewa, he kaha-teitei (hei tauira, he waea PVC iti te utu) i tētahi taura IS kaha-iti kua whakamanahia (whakamātautau PE, XLPE rānei). Mā te whakamahi i tētahi taura kāore i whakamanahia me tētahi ārai IS kua whakamanahia ka taea te hinga rawa i te pūnaha haumaru—nā te mea ka huri te taura hei pūtake mura.
I Dingzun Cable,e whakamahia ana e ā mātou taura taputapu ISTe whakamarumaru PE (Polyethylene) me te XLPE rāneime te pūmau dielectric iti (εᵣ=2.3), e tuku ana i te kaha o te arataki-ki-arataki o≤150 nF/km—te whakarite i ngā taumata rokiroki pūngao haumaru mō ngā whakaurunga wāhi morearea.
- Te Tae Kikorangi: He aha i Kikorangi ai ngā Taura IS
I te ao whānui, ka tautuhia ngā taura e whakamahia ana mō ngā ara iahiko haumaru ā-roto e tete hipoki o waho kikorangi(he kikorangi mārama te nuinga, RAL 5015).
(ngā taura haumaru ā-roto (IS) tāutanga)
Ripanga 2: Ngā Whakaritenga Waehere Tae Kikorangi (IEC 60079-14)
| Whakaritenga | Whakatakotoranga | He aha te mea nui |
| Tae o te Pūeru | Kikorangi Mārama (RAL 5015) | Te tautuhi ā-kanohi tonu i te wā tāutanga me te tiaki |
| Te Tohu | Tohu pakari: "Ex-ia" "Ex-ib" rānei | Whakaū i te whakatauranga Haumaru ā-roto o te taura |
| Ngā Pūrua | Ngā pito, ngā hononga rānei kikorangi mārama | Ārai i te hononga tūpono ki ngā ara iahiko hiko kore-IS |
| Ngā Pūnaha Ārai Wai | Ki te whakamahia, me kikorangi mārama te paipa, me whai tapanga rānei | Te wehewehe mai i ngā ara iahiko ehara i te IS |
He aha te mea nui o te waehere tae:
Me wehewehe tonu ngā kaimahi hiko me ngā kaimahi tiaki e mahi ana i ngā wāhi morearea i ngā ara iahiko IS (pūngao haumaru) mai i ngā ara iahiko hiko kore-IS (pūngao morearea). Mēnā ka honoa pōhēhētia e te tohunga hangarau tētahi taura hiko kore-IS (hei tauira, 120V AC) ki tētahi poraka pito IS, ka nui ake te pūngao e puta mai ana i te whakatauranga haumaru o te ārai—ka huri i tētahi pūnaha "haumaru" kua whakamanahia hei tūponotanga pahū.
Tuhipoka Whakatutukitanga:Mena he mangu, he hina, he tae rānei tō hipoki taura i tua atu i te kikorangi mārama, he pangokāoree tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga mō ngā ara iahiko IS e ai ki te IEC 60079-14—ahakoa tōna mahi hiko.
I Dingzun Cable,he mea haumaru ā mātou taurate anga o waho kikorangi mārama (RAL 5015)me te tohu Ex-ia/Ex-ib pakari—e whakarite ana kia tutukihia tonutia ngā whakaritenga mō ngā wāhi morearea.
- Te Ariā Hinonga: He aha me manatoko ngā tawhā taura
Kia mau tonu te tiwhikete o tētahi pūnaha hangarau mōhiohio,ngā wāhanga e toru—me whai tawhā hiko hototahi te ārai, te taura, me te taputapu mara. Ka kiia tēnei ko teAriā Hinonga.
Ripanga 3: Ngā Tawhā Hinonga mō te Manatoko Pūnaha IS
| Wāhanga | Ngā Tawhā Matua | Whakaahuatanga |
| Ārai (Rohe Haumaru) | Reo (V), Isc (A),Ca (Te kaha mōrahi e whakaaetia ana),La (Te ine hiko mōrahi e whakaaetia ana) | E tautuhi ana i te nui o te kaha taura ka taea e te ārai te aro atu ki te haumaru |
| Taura IS | Cc (Kaihanga taura/km),Lc (Te hiko o te taura/km) | Me tuhi ki te pepa raraunga taura |
| Taputapu Marae | Ci (pūngao ā-roto), Li (whakapūngao ā-roto) | I whakaratohia e te kaihanga taputapu |
Ngā Tātai Manatoko:
- Tirotiro Pūngao:(Cc × Roa o te Taura) + Ci ≤ Ca
- Tirotiro Āheinga:(Lc × Roa o te Taura) + Li ≤ La
Te Whakatairanga Matua:Mena kāore te kaihanga taura e whakaratoKc(pūngao) me teLc(inductance), kāore e taea te whakamahi i te taura i roto i tētahi pūnaha IS whaimana. Koia te take he mea morearea, he kore hoki e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga te whakamahi i "tētahi taura kua āraia" i roto i tētahi wāhi morearea—kāore e taea e koe te manatoko i ngā tawhā hinonga me te kore raraunga.
I Dingzun Cable,ka whakaratohia e mātoungā tawhā Lc (µH/m) me Cc (nF/km) kua whakamanahiame ia tuku taura IS—e āhei ai koe ki te mahi i ngā tātaitanga tika a ngā hinonga me te pupuri i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō ngā rohe morearea.
- Ex-ia vs. Ex-ib: Ngā Taumata o te Haumaru ā-roto
Ka whakarōpūtia anō ngā ara iahiko IS e ai ki tō rātou manawanui hapa me te rohe morearea e whakaaetia ana.
Ripanga 4: Ngā Whakatauranga Ex-ia me Ex-ib mō ngā Taura
| Whakatauranga | Manawanui Hapa | Rohe e tika ana | Te Whakaritenga Taura |
| Mai i nāianei | E rua ngā hapa motuhake | Rohe 0(Te mōrearea pahū tonu) | Ngā tonotino piriNgā rohenga L/C; te pono haumaru teitei rawa |
| Kotahi-mua | Kotahi te hapa | Rohe 1(Tērā pea he mōrearea pahūtanga) | Ngā tonotauriteNgā rohe L/C; he rawaka te taura IS paerewa |
| Ex-ic | Kāore he hapa (mahi noa anake) | Rohe 2(Kāore pea, he poto te wā) | Kāore he rohe L/C motuhake; ka whakaaetia pea te taura paerewa |
Pānga ki te Kōwhiringa Taura:Ko ngā ara iahiko Ex-ia e hiahia ana kia iti ake ngā rohe kaha me te ine hiko i te Ex-ib kia mau ai te haumaru i raro i ngā āhuatanga hapa-rua. Me manatoko tonu te taumata IS e hiahiatia ana i mua i te tohu i te taura.
- Ngā Whakaritenga Parepare mō ngā Taura IS
E ai ki te NFPA 70 Wāhanga 504.30,e hiahiatia ana te āraimō ngā ara iahiko haumaru ā-roto hei ārai i te hononga EMI.
He aha te Hiranga o te Tiaki:Ka puta te whakararuraru hikohiko (EMI) i ngā Puku Auau Taurangi (VFD), ngā tuku reo irirangi, me ngā taputapu whakarewa. Ka taea e tēnei EMI tewhakaoho i te ngaohiko me te iahikoki runga i tētahi taura taputapu roa—ahakoa ka whakawhāitihia te mana e te ārai ki te 1.2W, ka taea e tētahi pūtake EMI o waho te whakaputa i te kaha e nui ana hei hanga i tētahi mura e taea ai te mura.
(whiri waea parahi kua whakakikoruatia ki te pepa konumohe me te tine)
Ripanga 5: Ngā Kōwhiringa Parepare mō ngā Taura IS
| Momo Whakamarumaru | Te kapinga | Taupānga Pai rawa atu | Te Whaitake o IS |
| Parenga Konumohe | 100% | Ngā whakaurunga pumau, EMI auau-teitei | E whakaaetia ana mō ngā oma poto, pūmau |
| Parepare Whiri | 70-95% | Ngā tono hihiri/whakapiko, EMI auau-iti | E taunakitia ana mō te keri maina, te mahi karetao |
| Hikoi (Konumohe + Whiri) | 100% + whiri | Ahumahi uaua, EMI teitei | He pai mō ngā whare hanga hinu, ngā tipu matū |
Ture Whakatakoto Whenua:Me whakapūmau te whakangungu rakau ki te whenuakotahi anake te tohu(i te nuinga o te wā i te wāhi haumaru i te ārai) hei ārai i ngā takahuri whenua ka puta mai pea te pūngao morearea.
I Dingzun Cable,ngā āhuatanga o ā mātou taura taputapu ISārai whiri parahi tine (≥85% te kapinga)hei paerewa—te aukati i te whakaurunga EMI me te pupuri tonu i te hanganga ture IS.
- Ngā Whakatakotoranga Hangarau Matua mō ngā Taura IS
I te wā e tautuhi ana i ngā taura haumaru mō ngā wāhi morearea, manatokohia ēnei tawhā matua:
Ripanga 6: Rārangi Arowhai Whakatakotoranga Taura IS
| Tawhā | Whakaritenga IS | He aha te mea nui |
| Pūngao (Matua-Matua) | ≤150 nF/km(whakamātao PE/XLPE) | Ka whakawhāiti i te utu kua rongoatia; ka whakarite kia hototahi te hinonga ki te uara ārai Ca |
| Pūngao (Paruru Matua) | ≤250 nF/km | He mea nui mō ngā taura kua āraia; ka pā ki te pūngao kua rongoatia |
| Te hikohiko | ≤0.8 mH/km | Ka whakawhāiti i ngā pikinga ngaohiko ina tuwhera ngā ara iahiko |
| Tae o te Pūeru | Kikorangi Mārama (RAL 5015) | Te tautuhi tirohanga i runga i te IEC 60079-14 |
| Te ārai | Whiri whānui (≥85% te uhi) | Ka ārai i te whakaurunga EMI ki roto i te rohe morearea |
| Waea Whakaheke Wai | Kei roto (te parahi tine) | Whakangāwari i te tūāpapa kotahi-ira |
| Te whakamarumaru | PE, XLPE rānei (iti εᵣ) | Pūmau iti o te hiko = te kaha iti |
| Kaiārahi | Parahi tīni kua toia | Ngāwari + ātete ki te waikura |
| Whakatauranga Pāmahana | -40°C ki te +90°C (iti rawa) | Ka ora i ngā taiao ahumahi |
| Whakatauranga Mura | IEC 60332-1-2, pai ake rānei | Haumaru ahi |
- Ngā Kōrero Pūrākau mō ngā Taura Haumaru ā-roto
| Pūrākau | Te ao tūturu |
| "Kua whakatauria te IS mō ngā taura katoa kua āraia." | Hē. Me whai tawhā Cc/Lc whakahaeretia me te hipoki kikorangi ngā taura IS. Kāore he tawhā whaimana o ngā taura parepare paerewa. |
| "Mā te ārai e mahi ngā mahi haumaru katoa—kāore he aha te taura." | Hē. Ka rongoa te taura i te pūngao (pūngao/whakaoho). Ka taea e te taura pūngao-teitei te hinga i te whakatauranga haumaru o te ārai. |
| "He tae hokohoko noa iho te taura kikorangi." | Hē. Ko te kikorangi te mea e whakahaua ana e te IEC 60079-14 mō te tautuhi i te ara iahiko IS. Kāore te taura kore-kikorangi e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga. |
| "He nui rawa te taura IS mō taku tono." | Kei runga. Mena he hau/kohu/puehu mura kei roto i te mahi noa, me whai IS (Ex-d rānei) e ai ki te waehere hiko. |
| "Ka taea e au te hono i te taura IS ki ngā hononga paerewa." | Hē. Ka hangaia e ngā hononga ngā tawhā hiko kāore e mōhiotia (Ci, Li) e whakakore ana i ngā tataunga hinonga. |
Mō Dingzun Cable: Tō Hoa Hangarau Taura Haumaru ā-roto
KiNeke atu i te 20 tau o te wheako hanga motuhake,Taura Dingzunhe hoa pono mō ngā kaupapa pūngao, matū, keri, me te rongoā o te ao e hiahia ana kia whaimanaNgā taura taputapu haumaru ā-rotoKa whakakotahi mātou i ngā tohungatanga hōhonu mō ngā wāhi morearea metino āheinga whakariteki te d ka tukuna ngā taura e tutuki ana i ō whakaritenga IS me ngā tawhā hinonga.
Ngā Āheinga Taura IS:
| Te āheinga | Whakatakotoranga Dingzun |
| Te Whakatutukitanga | IEC 60079-11, IEC 60079-14, NFPA 70, IEEE 1580 |
| Ngā Whakatauranga IS | Mai i nāianei(Rohe 0),Kotahi-mua(Rohe 1),Ex-ic(Rohe 2) |
| Tae o te Pūeru | Kikorangi Mārama (RAL 5015)— he mea whakahau i raro i te IEC 60079-14 |
| Rauemi Hiri | LSZH (haumaru ahi), PUR (hinu/abrasion), PVC (whanui) |
| Te whakamarumaru | PE, XLPE rānei— iti te kaha (≤150 nF/km) |
| Te ārai | Whiri parahi tine katoa(≥85% te taupoki) + waea whakaheke wai |
| Kaiārahi | Parahi tine kua werohia (Akomanga 5/6, 18-24 AWG) |
| Ngā Tawhā Hiko | Kua Whakamanahia te Lc (µH/m) me te Cc (nF/km)i whakaratohia mō ngā tataunga hinonga |
| Awhe Pāmahana | -40°C ki te +90°C (paerewa); -65°C ki te +200°C (FEP utu nui) |
| Whakatauranga Mura | IEC 60332-1, IEC 60332-3 (ngā kōwhiringa LSZH) |
| Whakamātautau | Whakamātautau hiko 100%i runga i ia rīra |
He aha ai Taura Dingzun mō tō Tāutanga Wāhi Mōrearea:
- Te tino whakaritenga— Te maha o ngā takirua (1 ki te 100+), te ine o te ara iahiko, te mātotoru o te parepare, te rauemi o te hipoki—kua whakaritea katoa kia rite ki tō tono IS
- Rōpū hangarau tohunga— Tautoko mō ngā tātaitanga tawhā hinonga (taurite Ca/La) hei whakarite i te hototahitanga ārai
- Whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ngaio tika— Ngā whakatau tere, ngā pepa raraunga hangarau katoa me ngā uara Lc/Cc, me te tuku kaipuke puta noa i te ao
- Ngā tuhinga katoa— Ngā pūrongo whakamātautau, ngā tiwhikete tutuki, me te whai i ngā tuku katoa
Me whai taura IS whaimana koe mō āu taputapu mō ngā wāhi morearea?