Dab tsi yog Intrinsically Safe Instrument Cable?
Dab tsi yog Intrinsically Safe Instrument Cable?
Hauv cov lag luam xws li kev ua roj, kev ua tshuaj lom neeg, thiab kev khawb av, huab cua muaj cov pa roj, cov pa dej, lossis cov hmoov av uas yooj yim hlawv. Hauv cov chaw txaus ntshai no, ib qho hluav taws xob yooj yim los ntawm cov xov hlau uas puas lawm tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tawg loj heev.
IbCov xov hlau ntsuas Intrinsically Safe (IS)yog qhov kev daws teeb meem. Tsis zoo li cov cables lossis conduits uas tsis tawg (Ex-d) uas sim tswj kev tawg hauv lub thawv kaw, IS cable tiv thaiv kev tawg tag nrho los ntawm kev ua kom lub zog hluav taws xob mus los ntawm cov hlau yogyeej tsis siab txaus los tsim kom muaj hluav taws xobuas tuaj yeem ua rau huab cua kub hnyiab.
Phau ntawv qhia no piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas IS cov xov hlau ua haujlwm, lawv cov kev cai tsim kho yuav tsum tau ua, cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob tseem ceeb, thiab yuav ua li cas teev lawv kom raug rau koj qhov chaw teeb tsa txaus ntshai.
- Kev Txhais & Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm
Tus qauv thoob ntiaj tebIEC 60079-11txhais kev nyab xeeb sab hauv ua ib txoj kev tiv thaiv raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txwv lub zog.
Cov Lus Txhais Tseem Ceeb:Ib lub voj voog muaj kev nyab xeeb yog ib qho"uas muaj hluav taws xob lossis cua sov tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev kub hnyiab ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke uas yooj yim hlawv lossis kub hnyiab hauv huab cua raws li cov xwm txheej sim uas tau teev tseg."
(Kev Nyab Xeeb Hauv Paus vs. Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tawg: IS tiv thaiv kev kub hnyiab los ntawm kev txwv lub zog (IEC 60079-11) thaum Ex-d muaj kev tawg hauv cov qhov kaw kaw)
Nws Ua Haujlwm Li Cas:
- Kev Kaw (Ex-d):Ua ib lub thawv hlau hnyav uas muaj zog txaus los tuav qhov tawg sab hauv.
- Kev Tiv Thaiv (Ex-i / IS):Txwv qhov voltage, tam sim no, thiab lub zog nkag mus rau hauv thaj chaw txaus ntshai kom qis heev txawm tias muaj luv luv Circuit Court los xij.tsis muaj hluav taws xobthiabtsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thermalmuaj peev xwm ua kom hluav taws kub.
Ntawm Dingzun Cable,peb tsim cov xov hlau IS uas tau tsim los tswj cov kev txwv zog nruj no txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo, kom ntseeg tau tias koj cov cuab yeej siv hauv thaj chaw txaus ntshai tseem muaj kev nyab xeeb.
- Cov Kev Cai Tseem Ceeb rau IS Instrument Cables (Raws li IEC 60079-14)
Tsis yog txhua lub xov hlau siv tau rau hauv lub kaw lus muaj kev nyab xeeb. IS cov xov hlau muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim kho thiab kev txheeb xyuas kom ntseeg tau tias lub kaw lus muaj kev ruaj khov.
Rooj 1: Yuav tsum muaj IS Instrument Cable
| Qhov Yuav Tsum Tau Ua | Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb | Tus Qauv Qhov Chaw | Vim Li Cas Nws Tseem Ceeb |
| Kev Txwv Zog | Yuav tsum tau cais tawm ntawm cov voj voog uas tsis yog IS | IEC 60079-14 | Tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv zog txaus ntshai mus rau hauv thaj chaw txaus ntshai |
| Kev tiv thaiv | Yuav tsum muaj (ntawv ci lossis braid) kom tiv thaiv EMI coupling | NFPA 70 Tshooj 504.30 | Thaiv cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm xov tooj cua uas yuav ua rau muaj hluav taws xob tam sim no |
| Kev Tswj Xyuas Inductance (Lc) | Yuav tsum tau sau tseg (µH/m) | IEC 60079-14 | Tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj hluav taws xob ntau thaum cov circuits qhib |
| Kev Tswj Xyuas Lub Zog (Cc) | Yuav tsum tau sau tseg (nF / km) | IEC 60079-14 | Txwv cov nqi hluav taws xob uas khaws cia uas tuaj yeem tso tawm ua hluav taws xob |
| Kev Tiv Thaiv Tshuab | Lub hnab tawv tawv (PUR lossis LSZH) | IEC 60092-502 | Dim tau qhov chaw ua lag luam nyuaj heev |
| Kev txheeb xyuas | Lub plhaub sab nraud xiav (RAL 5015) | Tus qauv thoob ntiaj teb (IEC 60079-14) | Kev txheeb xyuas tam sim ntawd tiv thaiv kev sib txuas tsis raug rau lub zog tsis yog IS |
| Tus Neeg Coj | Tooj liab uas txuas nrog(Chav Kawm 5 los yog 6) | IEEE 1580 | Kev yooj ywm rau kev teeb tsa thiab kev tiv thaiv kev co |
Cov Lus Qhia Tseem Ceeb Txog Kev Txheeb Xyuas:IEC 60079-14 yuav tsum tau ua kom cov voj voog muaj kev nyab xeeb kom paub tseeb los ntawmxim xiav kaj(RAL 5015). Yog tias lub hnab cable yog xim dub, nws yogtsis yogua raws li cov ntawv thov IS.
- Kev Tshawb Fawb tob: Cov Kev Cai Tiv Thaiv rau IS Cables
Kev tiv thaiv tsis yog xaiv tau rau cov xov hlau IS - nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua raws li NFPA 70 Tshooj 504.30. Tab sis vim li cas?
Qhov Teeb Meem:Hauv cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam, Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs), xov tooj cua transmitters, thiab welding equipment tsim electromagnetic interference (EMI). Qhov EMI no tuaj yeemua kom muaj zog thiab tam sim norau ntawm txoj hlua ntev ntawm cov cuab yeej. Txawm tias qhov thaiv txwv tsis pub muaj zog rau 1.2W, lub xov tooj cua xa xov tooj cua nyob ze tuaj yeem tsim lub zog txaus rau ntawm txoj hlua tsis muaj ntaub thaiv kom tsim tau lub hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem hlawv tau.
Kev daws teeb meem:Ibdaim ntaub thaiv (braided los yog ntawv ci)qhwv cov khub uas nqa cov teeb liab. Nws ua haujlwm zoo li lub tawb Faraday, nqus cov suab nrov uas raug tsim tawm mus rau hauv av (ntawm ib qho chaw) ua ntej nws mus txog qhov chaw ntsuas qhov chaw txaus ntshai.
(Seem hla ntawm cov xov hlau uas tau ntawv pov thawj Intrinsically Safe uas muaj cov hlau tooj liab uas muaj hlua khi, PE/XLPE rwb thaiv tsev uas muaj peev xwm tsawg, daim ntaub thaiv tooj liab tag nrho, thiab lub hnab xiav xiav uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li IEC 60079-14)
Rooj 2: Hom Kev Tiv Thaiv rau IS Instrument Cables
| Hom Tiv Thaiv | Kev Them Nqi | Daim Ntawv Thov Zoo Tshaj Plaws | Kev Tsim Nyog IS |
| Cov Ntawv Nyiaj Tiv Thaiv | 100% | Kev teeb tsa ruaj khov, EMI zaus siab | Siv tau rau kev khiav luv luv, tsis hloov pauv |
| Braid Shield | 70-95% | Cov ntawv thov dynamic/flexing, tsawg-zaus EMI | Pom zoo rau kev khawb av, robotics, thiab cov khoom siv txav mus los |
| Composite (Ntawv ci + Braid) | 100% + braid | Kev lag luam hnyav, EMI siab | Zoo tshaj plaws rau cov chaw ua roj av, cov chaw tsim tshuaj lom neeg, thiab cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob |
Txoj Cai Grounding rau IS Shields:Lub shield yuav tsum tau grounded ntawmib qho xwb(feem ntau nyob rau hauv thaj chaw muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm qhov thaiv) kom tiv thaiv cov voj voog hauv av uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog txaus ntshai.
Ntawm Dingzun Cable,peb cov IS instrument cables featureCov hlau tooj liab braid shielding (≥85% kev pab them nqi)raws li tus qauv, nrog rau cov kev xaiv sib xyaw rau cov chaw muaj EMI hnyav heev - ua kom koj cov voj voog hauv thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij tseem muaj kev nyab xeeb.
- Cov Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob: Capacitance & Inductance
Lub cable tsis yog ib qho passive connector xwb. Nws khaws lub zog hluav taws xob ua ob hom uas yuav ua rau muaj hluav taws xob thaum muaj teeb meem.
Rooj 3: Cov Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob Tseem Ceeb ntawm IS Cable
| Cov Qauv | Lub Cim | Chav | Vim Li Cas Nws Thiaj Tseem Ceeb Rau Kev Nyab Xeeb Sab Hauv |
| Capacitance (Core-Core) | Cc | nF/km | Cov xov hlau khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob zoo li lub roj teeb. Thaum txiav tawm, cov nqi hluav taws xob no tso tawm ua lub txim hluav taws xob. Cc siab dua = qhov deb nyab xeeb luv dua |
| Capacitance (Core-Screen) | Cc | nF/km | Khaws cov nqi hluav taws xob ntawm tus neeg coj thiab daim ntaub thaiv. Tseem ceeb rau cov xov hlau uas muaj ntaub thaiv |
| Kev cuam tshuam | Lc | µH/m los yog mH/km | Cov voj voog inductive tsim cov hluav taws xob nce siab thaum qhib. Lc siab dua = lub zog hluav taws xob siab dua |
| L/R Piv | L/R | µH/Ω | Txhais lub sijhawm tsis hloov pauv ntawm lub voj voog. Siv los ntawm BS 6704 rau cov xov hlau mining |
Qhov Cuam Tshuam Uas Siv Tau:Yog tias koj siv cov xov hlau uas muaj peev xwm loj (xov hlau pheej yig uas muaj PVC rwb thaiv tsev) es tsis txhob siv cov xov hlau IS uas tau ntawv pov thawj (cov rwb thaiv tsev PE/XLPE uas muaj peev xwm tsawg), lub zog khaws cia hauv cov xov hlau yuav tshaj qhov ntawv pov thawj kev nyab xeeb ntawm qhov thaiv - ua rau lub kaw lus "muaj kev nyab xeeb" hloov mus ua qhov uas yuav tawg tau, txawm tias muaj qhov thaiv zoo los xij.
- Lub Tswv Yim ntawm Lub Koom Haum: Kev Sib Txuas Cable, Barrier, thiab Instrument
Rau ib lub kaw lus kom tau ntawv pov thawj tias muaj kev nyab xeeb hauv lub cev,tag nrho peb yam khoom—qhov thaiv, lub cable, thiab cov cuab yeej teb—yuav tsum muaj cov kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob sib xws. Qhov no hu uaLub Tswv Yim ntawm Lub Koom Haum.
Rooj 4: Cov Kev Cai rau Kev Txheeb Xyuas Qhov System IS
| Cheebtsam | Cov Txheej Txheem Tseem Ceeb | Kev piav qhia |
| Chaw Thaiv (Cheeb Tsam Muaj Kev Nyab Xeeb) | Voc(Qhib qhov hluav taws xob),Isc(Lub sijhawm luv luv tam sim no),Qhov ntawd(Qhov siab tshaj plaws uas tso cai rau capacitance),Lub(Qhov siab tshaj plaws uas tso cai inductance) | Txhais tau tias lub zog ntawm qhov thaiv tuaj yeem txwv rau ntau npaum li cas |
| YOG Cable | Cc(Lub peev xwm ntawm cable / km),Lc(Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cable / km) | Yuav tsum tau sau tseg rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia txog cable |
| Cov Cuab Yeej Siv Hauv Teb | Muaj(Lub peev xwm sab hauv),Qhov ntawd(Inductance sab hauv) | Muab los ntawm lub chaw tsim khoom siv |
Cov Qauv Txheeb Xyuas:
- Kev Tshawb Xyuas Capacitance:(Cable Capacitance × Ntev) + Instrument Capacitance ≤ Barrier Capacitance ((Cc × L) + Ci ≤ Ca)
- Kev Tshawb Xyuas Inductance:(Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob × Ntev) + Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob ≤ Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob Tiv Thaiv ((Lc × L) + Li ≤ La)
Qhov Tseem Ceeb:Yog tias lub chaw tsim khoom cable tsis muabCcthiabLctus nqi, lub cable tsis tuaj yeem siv rau hauv lub kaw lus IS uas tau ntawv pov thawj. Qhov no yog vim li cas siv "txhua lub cable uas muaj kev tiv thaiv" yog qhov txaus ntshai thiab tsis ua raws li txoj cai.
Ntawm Dingzun Cable,peb muabCov kev ntsuas Lc thiab Cc uas tau ntawv pov thawjnrog txhua qhov kev xa khoom ntawm IS cable, ua rau koj ua tau qhov kev xam zauv tseeb thiab tswj hwm kev ua raws li thaj chaw txaus ntshai.
- Ex-ia vs. Ex-ib: Cov Qib Kev Nyab Xeeb Sab Hauv
IS circuits raug cais ntxiv los ntawm lawv qhov kev ua txhaum thiab thaj chaw tso cai ntawm kev teeb tsa.
Rooj 5: Kev Ntsuas Ex-ia vs. Ex-ib rau Cov Xov Tooj Ntsuas
| Kev Ntsuas | Kev Ua Txhaum Cai | Thaj Chaw Siv Tau | Daim Ntawv Thov Cuab Yeej Ib Txwm Muaj |
| Txij no mus | Ob qhov txhaum cai ywj pheej | Cheeb Tsam 0(Kev pheej hmoo tawg tas mus li) | Cov khoom siv ntsuas pa roj methane, cov khoom siv ntsuas pa oxygen |
| Ex-ib | Ib qho kev txhaum xwb | Cheeb Tsam 1(Yuav muaj kev pheej hmoo tawg) | Cov khoom xa tawm siab, cov khoom ntsuas kub, cov ntsuas dej ntws |
Kev cuam tshuam rau kev xaiv Cable:Cov voj voog Ex-ia xav tau cov kev txwv nruj dua rau cov kev teeb tsa L/C ntawm cable dua li Ex-ib kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev nyab xeeb nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas muaj ob qho kev ua txhaum. Ib txwm xyuas kom meej tias qib IS xav tau ua ntej teev cov cable.
- Cov Kev Cai Tsim Kho rau IS Instrument Cables
Rooj 6: Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Tsim Kho Cable ntawm IS Instrument
| Cheebtsam | Qhov Yuav Tsum Tau Ua | Vim li cas |
| Tus Neeg Coj | Tooj liab uas txuas nrog(Chav Kawm 5 lossis 6, 7 txog 19 txoj xov) | Kev yooj ywm rau kev teeb tsa thiab kev tiv thaiv kev co |
| Cov Khoom Siv Conductor | Tooj liab uas tau muab tso rau hauv lub thawv(pom zoo rau kev lag luam) | Kev tiv thaiv corrosion hauv cov huab cua nruj |
| Kev rwb thaiv tsev | PE (Polyethylene)los yogXLPE | Tsis tu ncua dielectric qis (ε)ᵣ=2.3) = lub peev xwm qis = nrug deb dua thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb |
| Kev Txheeb Xyuas Ob Tug | Xiav/Dub (tus qauv) lossis tus lej | Tiv thaiv kev ua yuam kev ntawm cov xov hlau |
| Kev tiv thaiv | Tag nrho cov hlau tooj liab braid(≥85% kev pab them nqi) | Thaiv EMI uas yuav ua rau muaj zog hluav taws xob |
| Hlau ntws | suav nrog(tooj liab tinned) | Ua kom yooj yim rau kev tiv thaiv kev xaus |
| Lub tsho sab hauv | LSZH los yog PVC | Ntxiv kev tiv thaiv tshuab |
| Sab Nraud Sheath | Xim xiav (RAL 5015), LSZH los yog PUR | Pom kev qhia txog IS circuit; LSZH rau kev nyab xeeb hluav taws, PUR rau kev tiv thaiv roj/kev sib txhuam |
| Kub thiab txias | -40°C txog +90°C (tus qauv); -65°C txog +200°C (FEP zoo tshaj) | Nyob tau rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav heev ntawm cov nroj tsuag |
- Cov Cai Txhim Kho rau IS Instrument Cables
Txawm tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws IS cable yuav ua tsis tiav yog tias ntsia tsis raug.
Rooj 7: Cov Kev Cai Rau Kev Teeb Tsa IS Cable (IEC 60079-14)
| Txoj Cai | Qhov Yuav Tsum Tau Ua | Vim li cas |
| Kev sib cais | Cov IS circuits yuav tsum tausib cais los ntawm lub cevlos ntawm cov voj voog uas tsis yog IS | Tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub zog |
| Kev Sib Cais Deb | ≥50 hli (2 nti) los ntawm cov xov hlau uas tsis yog IS (lossis ntawm cov hlau sib cais hauv av) | Tiv thaiv kev sib txuas inductive / capacitive |
| Kev Txheeb Xyuas Lub davhlau ya nyob twg | Sivcov davhlau ya nyob twg xiavlos yog sleeving | Kev kuaj xyuas kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm saib xyuas |
| Cov Txheej Txheem Conduit | Yog tias sib koom cov kav dej nrog cov neeg tsis yog IS, cov kav dej yuav tsumxiav kajlos yog sau npe | Tiv thaiv kev sib tov tsis raug thaum rub tawm |
| Tsis muaj kev sib txuas | Tsis txhob muab cov xov hlau sib txuas ua ke; siv cov xov hlau txuas ntxiv mus | Cov splices tsim cov tsis paub cov qauv hluav taws xob |
| Kev sib txuas hauv av | Lub ntaub thaiv npog av ntawmib qho xwb(cheeb tsam muaj kev nyab xeeb) | Tiv thaiv cov voj voog hauv av uas yuav ua rau muaj zog txaus ntshai |
- Cov ntawv thov uas xav tau IS Instrument Cables
Cov xov hluav taws xob IS yog qhov yuav tsum muaj rau txhua lub voj voog uas muaj zog tsawg uas nkag mus rau hauv thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij.
(Kev teeb tsa cov xov hlau ntsuas uas muaj kev nyab xeeb (IS))
Rooj 8: IS Cov Khoom Siv Cable los ntawm Kev Lag Luam
| Kev Lag Luam | Thaj Chaw Muaj Kev Phom Sij | Cov Ntawv Thov IS Ib Txwm Muaj |
| Roj thiab Roj Av | Thaj Chaw 1/2 (lub qhov dej, cov platforms) | Cov khoom xa tawm siab, cov ntsuas dej ntws, cov khoom ntes roj, RTDs |
| Kev Ua Tshuaj Lom Zem | Cheeb Tsam 1 (cov reactors, cov tank cia khoom) | Cov ntsuas pH, cov ntsuas kub, cov hloov pauv qib |
| Tshuaj | Cheeb Tsam 1 (kev siv cov kuab tshuaj) | Cov cuab yeej tswj kev ua haujlwm ntau ntau, cov sensors hauv chav huv si |
| Kev khawb av (Thee) | Thaj Chaw 0/1 (hauv av) | Cov cuab yeej ntes methane, cov teeb ci ntsa iab, cov cuab yeej ntsuas qhov ze |
| Cov dej khib nyiab | Cheeb Tsam 1 (cov tsev zom zaub mov) | Cov khoom siv saib xyuas methane, cov khoom siv ntsuas pa oxygen |
| Cov Rooj Pleev Xim/Txaus Xim | Cheeb Tsam 1 | Cov cuab yeej ntsuas huab cua zoo, cov ntsuas kub |
Txog Dingzun Cable: Koj Tus Khub Tsim Khoom Siv Cable IS Instrument
Nrog20+ xyoo ntawm kev tsim khoom tshwj xeeb,Dingzun Cableyog ib tus khub koom tes uas ntseeg siab rau lub zog thoob ntiaj teb, tshuaj lom neeg, thiab cov haujlwm khawb av uas xav tau daim ntawv pov thawjCov xov hlau ntsuas kev nyab xeeb sab hauvPeb muab kev paub txog thaj chaw txaus ntshai sib xyaw ua ke nrogkev hloov kho tau yooj yim heevkom xa cov cables uas ua tau raws li koj cov lus qhia IS thiab cov kev teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom.
(Dingzun Cable Intrinsically Safe instrument cable — tau ntawv pov thawj rau IEC 60079-11 rau kev ntsuas thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij)
Peb cov peev xwm ntawm IS Instrument Cable:
| Muaj peev xwm | Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Dingzun |
| Kev Ua Raws Cai | IEC 60079-11, IEC 60079-14, NFPA 70, IEEE 1580 |
| Kev Ntsuas IS | Txij no mus(Cheeb Tsam 0) thiabEx-ib(Cheeb Tsam 1) |
| Tus Neeg Coj | Tooj liab uas muaj hlua khi (Chav Kawm 5/6, 18-24 AWG) |
| Kev rwb thaiv tsev | PE los yog XLPE(Lub peev xwm qis ≤150 nF / km) |
| Kev tiv thaiv | Tag nrho cov hlau tooj liab braid(≥85% kev pab them nqi, tshuaj ntsuam xyuas) |
| Hlau ntws | Muaj rau kev yooj yim grounding |
| Xim ntawm lub hnab tshos | Xim xiav (RAL 5015)—yuav tsum ua raws li IEC 60079-14 |
| Cov Khoom Siv Sheath | LSZH (kev nyab xeeb hluav taws), PUR (roj / puas), PVC (general) |
| Cov Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob | Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Lc (µH/m) thiab Cc (nF/km)muab rau kev suav cov koom haum |
| Kub thiab txias | -40°C txog +90°C (tus qauv); -65°C txog +200°C (FEP zoo tshaj) |
| Kev kuaj xyuas | 100% kev kuaj hluav taws xobntawm txhua lub reel |
Vim li cas Dingzun Cable rau Koj Qhov Chaw Phom Sij Instrumentation:
- Kev hloov kho tau yooj yim heev— suav khub (1 txog 100+), ntsuas tus neeg xyuas pib, qhov ceev ntawm kev tiv thaiv, cov ntaub thaiv — txhua yam yog tsim los rau koj daim ntawv thov IS
- Pab neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom tshaj lij— Kev txhawb nqa rau kev suav cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw (Ca/La sib phim) kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov teeb meem
- Kev sib txuas lus ncaj qha rau cov kws tshaj lij— Cov lus hais sai, cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev siv tshuab tag nrho nrog Lc/Cc tus nqi, thiab kev xa khoom thoob ntiaj teb
- Cov ntaub ntawv tiav— Cov ntawv qhia txog kev xeem, daim ntawv pov thawj ua raws li txoj cai, thiab kev taug qab tau txhua yam khoom xa tuaj
Xav tau ib lub xov hlau IS uas tau ntawv pov thawj rau koj qhov chaw teeb tsa uas muaj kev phom sij?[Tiv tauj peb pab neeg kev tshaj lij hnub no rau kev sab laj lossis kev coj ua qauv].