He aha kahi kaula mea hana palekana kūloko?
He aha kahi kaula mea hana palekana kūloko?
I loko o nā ʻoihana e like me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila, ka hana kemika, a me ka hana ʻeli ʻana, aia i loko o ka ea nā kinoea lapalapa, nā mahu, a i ʻole ka lepo. Ma kēia mau wahi weliweli, hiki i kahi huna uila maʻalahi mai kahi kaula mea kani i hōʻino ʻia ke hoʻoulu i kahi pahū weliweli.
HeKaula mea kani palekana kūloko (IS)ʻo ia ka hopena. ʻAʻole e like me nā kaula kuʻuna pale pahū (Ex-d) a i ʻole nā conduits e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻopaʻa i kahi pahū i loko o kahi pā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, pale loa kahi kaula IS i ka pahū ma ka hōʻoia ʻana ua holo ka ikehu uila ma o ke kaula.ʻaʻole loa e kiʻekiʻe loa e hana i kahi hunaahii hiki ke hoʻā i ka lewa.
Hōʻike kēia alakaʻi i ka hana ʻana o nā uaea mea hana IS, kā lākou mau koi kūkulu ʻana i koi ʻia, nā palena uila koʻikoʻi, a pehea e kuhikuhi pololei ai iā lākou no kāu mau hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma nā wahi weliweli.
- Ka Wehewehena a me ke Kumu Hana
ʻO ke kūlana honuaIEC 60079-11wehewehe i ka palekana kūloko ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana palekana e pili ana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka palena ikehu.
Wehewehena Kūhelu:ʻO kahi kaapuni palekana kūloko kekahi"kahi i hiki ʻole ai i kekahi huna ahi a hopena wela paha ke hoʻāla i kahi hui ʻana o nā mea lapalapa a i ʻole nā mea hiki ke puhi ʻia i ka lewa ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻāʻo i kuhikuhi ʻia."
(Palekana maoli vs. Palekana i ka pahū ʻana: Pale ʻo IS i ka hoʻā ʻana ma o ka palena ʻana i ka ikehu (IEC 60079-11) ʻoiai ʻo Ex-d e loaʻa ana nā pahū i loko o nā pā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia)
Pehea e hana ai:
- Ka Hoʻopaʻa ʻana (Ex-d):E kūkulu i kahi pahu metala kaumaha i lawa ka ikaika e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka pahū ʻana o loko.
- Kāohi ʻana (Ex-i / IS):E kaupalena i ke ana uila, ke au, a me ka mana e komo ana i ka wahi pōʻino me ka haʻahaʻa loa a hiki i kahi kaapuni pōkole ke hanaʻaʻohe ʻālohilohia meʻaʻohe hopena welahiki ke hoʻā.
Ma Dingzun Cable,Hana mākou i nā kaula mea hana IS i hana ʻia e mālama i kēia mau palena ikehu koʻikoʻi ma lalo o nā kūlana hewa, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana e palekana ana kāu mau mea hana wahi weliweli.
- Nā Koi Koʻikoʻi no nā Kaula Mea Hana IS (E like me IEC 60079-14)
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā uaea āpau i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana palekana maoli. Loaʻa i nā uaea IS nā koi kūkulu a me ka ʻike kikoʻī e hōʻoia i ka pono o ka ʻōnaehana.
Papa 1: Nā Koina Pono no ke Kaula Mea Hana IS
| Koi | Nā kikoʻī | Kumu Kūlana | No ke aha he mea nui |
| Ka Palena o ka Ikehu | Pono e hoʻokaʻawale kino ʻia mai nā kaapuni ʻaʻole IS | IEC 60079-14 | Kāohi i ka neʻe ʻana o ka ikehu weliweli i loko o ka wahi weliweli |
| Pale ʻana | Pono (pepa kini a ulana paha) e pale aku i ka hoʻopili ʻana o EMI | NFPA 70 Māhele 504.30 | Pale i ka hoʻopilikia alapine lekiō e hiki ai ke hoʻoulu i ke au |
| Mana Inductance (Lc) | Pono e palapala ʻia (µH/m) | IEC 60079-14 | Kāohi i nā piʻi uila ke wehe ʻia nā kaapuni |
| Ka Mana Hoʻokele Capacitance (Cc) | Pono e palapala ʻia (nF/km) | IEC 60079-14 | Hoʻemi i ka uku i mālama ʻia e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ke ʻano he hunaahi |
| Palekana Mekanika | ʻUpena paʻakikī (PUR a i ʻole LSZH) | IEC 60092-502 | Ola i nā ʻano ʻoihana ʻino |
| Ka ʻike ʻana | ʻUpena waho polū māmā (RAL 5015) | Kūlana honua (IEC 60079-14) | ʻO ka ʻike maka koke e pale aku i ka pilina ulia pōpilikia i ka mana ʻaʻole IS |
| Alakaʻi | Keleawe i wili ʻia(Papa 5 a i ʻole 6) | IEEE 1580 | Ka maʻalahi no ke kau ʻana a me ke kū'ē ʻana i ka haʻalulu |
Nā Manaʻo Koʻikoʻi no ka ʻIke ʻana:Koi ikaika ʻo IEC 60079-14 e ʻike ʻia nā kaapuni palekana kūloko e nākala polū māmā(RAL 5015). Inā ʻeleʻele ka uhi kaula, ʻo ia hoʻiʻaʻolekūpono no nā polokalamu IS.
- Luʻu Hohonu: Nā Koina Pale no nā Kaula IS
ʻAʻole koho ka pale ʻana no nā kaula mea hana IS—he mea koi ia e like me NFPA 70 Paukū 504.30. Akā no ke aha?
Ka Pilikia:I loko o nā hale hana ʻoihana, nā Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs), nā mea hoʻoili lekiō, a me nā lako hana wili e hoʻoulu ai i ka hoʻopilikia electromagnetic (EMI). Hiki i kēia EMI ke hana.hoʻoulu i ke au uila a me ke auma luna o kahi holo kaula mea kani lōʻihi. ʻOiai inā kaupalena ka pale i ka mana i 1.2W, hiki i kahi mea hoʻoili lekiō kokoke ke hoʻoulu i ka ikehu lawa ma kahi kaula pale ʻole e hana i kahi huna ahi hiki ke hoʻā.
ʻO ka Hoʻonā:Apale (ulana a pepa kini paha)hoʻopuni i nā hui lawe hōʻailona. Hana ia ma ke ʻano he pā Faraday, e hoʻokahe palekana ana i ka walaʻau i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka honua (ma kahi hoʻokahi) ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i ka sensor wahi pōʻino.
(ʻO ka ʻāpana kea o ke kaula mea hana palekana ponoʻī i hōʻoia ʻia e hōʻike ana i nā alakaʻi keleawe tinned stranded, PE/XLPE low-capacitance insulation, ka pale ulana keleawe holoʻokoʻa, a me ka ʻūpā polū māmā e like me IEC 60079-14)
Papa 2: Nā ʻAno Pale no nā Kaula Mea Hana IS
| ʻAno Pale | Uhi ʻana | Noi maikaʻi loa | Kūpono ʻo IS |
| Pale Pepa | 100% | Nā hoʻonohonoho paʻa, EMI alapine kiʻekiʻe | ʻAe ʻia no nā holo pōkole, paʻa |
| Pale Uli | 70-95% | Nā noi hoʻololi/hoʻololi, EMI haʻahaʻa alapine (frequency) | Manaʻo ʻia no ka mining, robotics, nā lako hoʻoneʻe |
| Hui Pū ʻia (Pela + Uhi) | 100% + ulana | ʻOihana paʻakikī, EMI kiʻekiʻe | Kūpono no nā hale hoʻoponopono, nā hale hana kemika, nā kikowaena mana |
Rula Hoʻokumu no nā Pale IS:Pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka pale mahoʻokahi wale nō kiko(maʻamau ma kahi palekana ma ka pale) e pale aku i nā pōʻai honua e hiki ke hoʻolauna i ka ikehu weliweli.
Ma Dingzun Cable,ʻo kā mākou hiʻohiʻona o nā kaula mea kani ISpale keleawe i ulana ʻia i loko o ka pahu (≥85% uhi)e like me ke kūlana maʻamau, me nā koho hui no nā wahi EMI koʻikoʻi—e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana e palekana ana kāu mau kaapuni wahi pōʻino.
- Nā Palena Uila: Capacitance & Inductance
ʻAʻole wale ka uwea he mea hoʻohui passive. Mālama ia i ka ikehu uila ma nā ʻano ʻelua e hiki ke lilo i mau kumu hoʻā i ka wā o kahi hewa.
Papa 3: Nā Palena Uila Kaula IS Koʻikoʻi
| Palena | Hōʻailona | Nā ʻĀpana | No ke aha he mea nui ia no ka palekana kūloko |
| Ka hiki ke hoʻonui (ʻiʻo-ʻiʻo) | Cc | nF/km | Hoʻopiha ʻia nā hale kūʻai uwea e like me ka pila. Ke hemo ka ʻāpana, hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia hoʻopiha e like me ka huna ahi. ʻOi aku ka Cc = mamao palekana pōkole |
| Ka hiki ke hoʻohana (Pale-Kumu) | Cc | nF/km | Mālama i ka hoʻouka ma waena o ke alakaʻi a me ka pale. He mea koʻikoʻi no nā kaula i pale ʻia |
| Inductance | Lc | µH/m a i ʻole mH/km | Hoʻopuka nā kaapuni inductive i nā kui uila ke wehe ʻia. ʻOi aku ka Lc = ʻoi aku ka ikehu huna ahi |
| Lākiō L/R | L/R | µH/Ω | Ho'ākāka i ka manawa paʻa o ke kaapuni. Hoʻohana ʻia e BS 6704 no nā kaula mining |
Ka Hopena Kūpono:Inā ʻoe e hoʻohana i kahi kaula maʻamau, kiʻekiʻe-capacitance (uea PVC-insulated haʻahaʻa) ma kahi o kahi kaula IS i hōʻoia ʻia (low-capacitance PE/XLPE insulation), hiki i ka ikehu i mālama ʻia i loko o ke kaula ke ʻoi aku ma mua o ka palapala hōʻoia palekana o ka pale—e hoʻololi ana i kahi ʻōnaehana "palekana" i mea pahū hiki ke pahū, ʻoiai me ka pale kūpono.
- Ka Manaʻo o ka Hui: Ke Hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke Kaula, ka Pale, a me ka Mea Hana
No kahi ʻōnaehana e hōʻoia ʻia he palekana ponoʻī,nā ʻāpana ʻekolu a pau—ʻo ke keʻakeʻa, ke kaula, a me ka mea hana kahua—pono e loaʻa nā palena uila kūpono. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻoManaʻo Hui.
Papa 4: Nā Palena Hui no ka Hōʻoia ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana IS
| ʻĀpana | Nā Palena Koʻikoʻi | Wehewehena |
| Pale (Wahi Palekana) | Leo(Ka uila kaapuni hāmama),ʻIsc(Aupuni pōkole),ʻO ia(Ka capacitance i ʻae ʻia max),ʻO ka(ʻO ka inductance i ʻae ʻia max) | Ho'ākāka i ka nui o ka ikehu e hiki ai i ka pale ke kaupalena |
| Uaea IS | Cc(Ka mana o ke kaulahao/km),Lc(Inductance uwea/km) | Pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka pepa ʻikepili o ke kaula |
| Mea Hana Kahua | Aia ma laila(Ka capacitance kūloko),ʻO ia(Inductance kūloko) | Hāʻawi ʻia e ka mea hana mea kani |
Nā ʻAno Hōʻoia:
- Nānā Mana:(Ka Mana Uea × Ka Lōʻihi) + Ka Mana Mea Hana ≤ Ka Mana Pale ((Cc × L) + Ci ≤ Ca)
- Nānā Inductance:(Inductance Uea × Lōʻihi) + Inductance Mea Hana ≤ Inductance Pale ((Lc × L) + Li ≤ La)
Ka Manaʻo Koʻikoʻi:Inā ʻaʻole hāʻawi ka mea hana uweaCca meLcnā waiwai, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kaula i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana IS i hōʻoia ʻia. ʻO ia ke kumu he mea weliweli a kū ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i "kekahi kaula i pale ʻia".
Ma Dingzun Cable,hāʻawi mākounā palena Lc a me Cc i hōʻoia ʻiame kēlā me kēia hoʻouna uwea IS, e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hana i nā helu pololei o nā hui a mālama i ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi weliweli.
- Ex-ia vs. Ex-ib: Nā Pae o ka Palekana Kūloko
Ua hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻia nā kaapuni IS e ko lākou hoʻomanawanui hewa a me ka ʻāpana i ʻae ʻia no ke kau ʻana.
Papa 5: Nā Loiloi Ex-ia vs. Ex-ib no nā Kaula Mea Hana
| Ka helu ʻana | Ka Hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ka Hewa | ʻĀpana Pili | Ka Hoʻohana ʻana i nā Mea Hana Maʻamau |
| Mai kēia manawa aku | ʻElua mau hewa kūʻokoʻa | ʻĀpana 0(Ka pilikia pahū mau) | Nā mea ʻike kinoea methane, nā mea kālailai oxygen |
| ʻO Ex-hoʻokahi | Hoʻokahi hewa hoʻokahi | ʻĀpana 1(Pilikia pahū paha) | Nā mea hoʻoili kaomi, nā mea ʻike mahana, nā mika kahe |
Hopena ma ke koho ʻana i ke kaula:Koi aku nā kaapuni Ex-ia i nā palena paʻa loa ma nā palena L/C o ke kaula ma mua o Ex-ib e hōʻoia i ka palekana ma lalo o nā kūlana hewa pālua. E hōʻoia mau i ka pae IS i koi ʻia ma mua o ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ke kaula.
- Nā Koina Kūkulu no nā Kaula Mea Hana IS
Papa 6: Nā Kikoʻī Hana Uea Mea Hana IS
| ʻĀpana | Koi IS | No ke aha mai |
| Alakaʻi | Keleawe i wili ʻia(Papa 5 a i ʻole 6, 7 a 19 mau kaula) | Ka maʻalahi no ke kau ʻana a me ke kū'ē ʻana i ka haʻalulu |
| Mea Alakaʻi | Keleawe kini(i manaʻo ʻia no ka ʻoihana) | Ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho i nā lewa huhū |
| Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana | PE (Polyethylene)a i ʻoleXLPE | ʻO ke kūpaʻa dielectric haʻahaʻa (εᵣ=2.3) = capacitance haʻahaʻa = mamao palekana lōʻihi |
| Ka ʻIke ʻana i nā Pālua | Polū/ʻEleʻele (maʻamau) a i ʻole helu ʻia | Kāohi i nā hewa uea |
| Pale ʻana | ʻO ka ulana keleawe tinned holoʻokoʻa(≥85% uhi ʻia) | Pale i ka EMI e hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka ikehu hiki ke hoʻā ʻia |
| Uea Hoʻokahe | Ua hoʻokomo ʻia(keleawe kini) | Hoʻomaʻalahi i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pale |
| ʻAʻahu komo | LSZH a i ʻole PVC | Hoʻohui i ka pale mīkini |
| ʻUhi waho | Polū Māmā (RAL 5015), LSZH a i ʻole PUR | Kuhi ʻike maka i ke kaapuni IS; LSZH no ka palekana ahi, PUR no ke kū'ē ʻana i ka ʻaila/abrasion |
| Pae Mahana | -40°C a i +90°C (maʻamau); -65°C a i +200°C (FEP kiʻekiʻe) | Ola i nā kūlana mea kanu koʻikoʻi |
- Nā Rula Hoʻokomo no nā Kaula Mea Hana IS
ʻOiai ke kaula IS maikaʻi loa e hāʻule paha inā hoʻokomo hewa ʻia.
Papa 7: Nā Koina Hoʻokomo Uea IS (IEC 60079-14)
| Kānāwai | Koi | No ke aha mai |
| Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana | Pono nā kaapuni ISkaʻawale kinomai nā kaapuni ʻaʻole IS | Kāohi i ka kolo ʻana o ka ikehu weliweli |
| Ka Mamao Hoʻokaʻawale | ≥50mm (2 ʻīniha) mai nā kaula ʻaʻole IS (a i ʻole ma o ka mea hoʻokaʻawale metala honua) | Kāohi i ka hoʻopili inductive/capacitive |
| Ka ʻIke ʻana i ka Hopena | Hoʻohananā kikowaena polū māmāa i ʻole ka ʻūlū ʻana | Ka nānā ʻana i ka palekana maka no nā limahana mālama |
| Nā ʻōnaehana kahawai | Inā e kaʻana like ana i ke conduit me ka poʻe ʻaʻole IS, pono e hoʻohana ʻia ke conduitpolū māmāa i ʻole i lepili ʻia | Pale i ka hui ʻana i ka wā e huki ai |
| ʻAʻohe Splices | E pale i nā splices; e hoʻohana i ke kaula hoʻomau | Hoʻokumu nā Splices i nā palena uila i ʻike ʻole ʻia |
| Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia | Pale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mahoʻokahi wale nō kiko(wahi palekana) | Kāohi i nā loops honua e hiki ke hoʻolauna i ka ikehu weliweli |
- Nā noi e pono ai nā kaula mea hana IS
He mea koi ʻia nā kaula mea hana IS no nā kaapuni ikehu haʻahaʻa a pau e komo ana i nā wahi pōʻino.
(Ke kau ʻana o ke kaula mea kani palekana (IS))
Papa 8: Nā Hoʻohana ʻana o ke Kaula Mea Hana IS ma ka ʻOihana
| ʻOihana | Wahi Pōʻino | Nā noi IS maʻamau |
| ʻAila a me ke Kinoea | ʻĀpana 1/2 (nā poʻo luawai, nā kahua) | Nā mea hoʻoili kaomi, nā mika kahe, nā mea ʻike kinoea, nā RTD |
| Ka Hana Kemika | ʻĀpana 1 (nā mea hana, nā pahu mālama) | nā mea ʻike pH, nā probes mahana, nā kuapo pae |
| Lāʻau lapaʻau | ʻĀpana 1 (lawelawe ʻana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe) | Nā mea hana hoʻomalu pūʻulu, nā mea ʻike lumi maʻemaʻe |
| ʻEli ʻana (Lanahu) | ʻĀpana 0/1 (lalo honua) | Nā mea ʻike methane, nā kukui pāpale, nā mea ʻike kokoke |
| Wai ʻino | ʻĀpana 1 (nā hale digester) | Nā mea nānā methane, nā mea kālailai oxygen |
| Nā Hale Pena/Pīpī | ʻĀpana 1 | Nā mea ʻike maikaʻi o ka ea, nā mea nānā mahana |
E pili ana iā Dingzun Cable: ʻO kāu hoa hana ʻenekinia kaula mea hana IS
Me20+ mau makahiki o ka ʻike hana kūikawā,Kaula Dingzunhe hoa hilinaʻi no nā papahana ikehu honua, kemika, a me ka mining e koi ana i ka hōʻoia ʻiaNā kaula mea hana palekana maoliHoʻohui mākou i ka ʻike loea hohonu no nā wahi weliweli mehiki ke hoʻopilikino nui ʻiae hāʻawi i nā kaula e kūpono i kāu mau kikoʻī IS kikoʻī a me nā palena o ka hui.
(ʻO ke kaula uila palekana ponoʻī ʻo Dingzun Cable — i hōʻoia ʻia e IEC 60079-11 no nā mea hana wahi weliweli)
ʻO kā mākou mau hiki ke kaula uila IS:
| Ka hiki | Nā kikoʻī o Dingzun |
| Hoʻokō | IEC 60079-11, IEC 60079-14, NFPA 70, IEEE 1580 |
| Nā Loiloi IS | Mai kēia manawa aku(ʻĀpana 0) a meʻO Ex-hoʻokahi(ʻĀpana 1) |
| Alakaʻi | Keleawe kini i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (Papa 5/6, 18-24 AWG) |
| Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana | PE a i ʻole XLPE(Kapaa haʻahaʻa ≤150 nF/km) |
| Pale ʻana | ʻO ka ulana keleawe tinned holoʻokoʻa(≥85% uhi ʻia, i nānā ʻia) |
| Uea Hoʻokahe | Hoʻokomo ʻia no ka hoʻomoe maʻalahi ʻana |
| Waihoʻoluʻu o ka ʻūpā | Polū Māmā (RAL 5015)—pono e like me IEC 60079-14 |
| Mea ʻūpā | LSZH (palekana ahi), PUR (ʻaila/abrasion), PVC (nui) |
| Nā Palena Uila | ʻO Lc i hōʻoia ʻia (µH/m) a me Cc (nF/km)i hāʻawi ʻia no nā helu ʻana o nā hui |
| Pae Mahana | -40°C a i +90°C (maʻamau); -65°C a i +200°C (FEP kiʻekiʻe) |
| Hoʻāʻo ʻana | Hoʻāʻo uila 100%ma kēlā me kēia wili |
No ke aha ʻo Dingzun Cable no kāu Instrumentation Area Pōʻino:
- Hiki ke hoʻopilikino nui ʻia— Helu pālua (1 a 100+), anakahi alakaʻi, mānoanoa pale, mea uhi—ua hana ʻia nā mea a pau no kāu noi IS
- Hui ʻenekinia akamai— Kākoʻo no nā helu ʻana o nā ʻano mea (Ca/La e kūlike ana) e hōʻoia i ka launa pū ʻana o ka pale
- Kamaʻilio loea pololei— Nā ʻōlelo kūʻai wikiwiki, nā pepa ʻikepili loea piha me nā waiwai Lc/Cc, a me ka hoʻouna honua
- Palapala piha— Nā hōʻike hoʻāʻo, nā palapala hōʻoia o ka hoʻokō ʻana, a me ka hiki ke hahai ʻia no kēlā me kēia ukana
Pono ʻoe i kahi kaula mea hana IS i hōʻoia ʻia no kāu hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma kahi ʻino?[E kelepona i kā mākou hui loea i kēia lā no kahi kūkākūkā a i ʻole kahi laʻana maʻamau].