He aha te mea e "Haumaru Ā-roto" ai te Taura mō ngā Mahi Keri?
I roto i ngā maina waro o raro whenua, ka puta he tūponotanga pahū tonu nā te noho mai o te hau methane me te puehu waro mura. Ka taea e te mura kotahi mai i ngā taputapu hiko—tae atu ki ngā taura—te mura o te maina katoa. Koinei te wāhi e mura aiHaumaru ā-roto (IS)ka nui haere te hiranga o ngā taura.
He rerekē ki ngā taputapu ātete mura (Ex-d) e pupuri ana i ngā pahūtanga,Haumaru ā-roto (Ex-i)ka ārai i te mura mā te hoahoa—te whakawhāiti i te pūngao hiko (ngaohiko, iahiko, me te pāmahana) ki ngā taumata e kore e taea te mura i te āhuarangi morearea. Mō ngā tono keri e whakahaerehia ana e ngā paerewa pēnei iIEC 60079-11, BS 6704, me ngā whakaritenga a te DGMS, ehara te taura i te hononga korekore noa iho—he wāhanga haumaru hohe me tino whakahaeretia ngā tawhā hiko.
Kei roto i tēnei aratohu he whakamārama whānui, e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga, mō ngā āhuatanga e "haumaru ai" te taura mō te keri maina—e kapi ana i ngā paerewa tiwhikete, ngā tawhā hiko, ngā whakaritenga hanga, me ngā paearu whiriwhiri mō ngā tono mai i ngā pūoko hau ki ngā whatunga pūoko.
1. Te Mātāpono Matua: He aha te mea e "Haumaru Ā-roto" ai te Ara Iahiko?
Ko te Haumaru ā-roto (IS) he tikanga tiaki e hangai ana kite herenga pūngaoHe māmā noa te ariā matua engari he pakari: kia mōhio kei raro i te mahi noa, i ngā āhuatanga hapa rānei, kāore e taea e te pūngao hiko e wātea ana te whakakā i te hau mura e karapoti ana.
| Wāhanga | Tauwāhi | Mahi | Tauira Keri |
| Ngā Taputapu Hononga | Rohe Haumaru (Rohe 2 rānei) | Ka whakawhāiti i te pūngao ki te wāhi morearea mā roto i ngā arai Zener, i ngā wehewehenga galvanic rānei | Pūnaha hiko mō te pūnaha aroturuki hau |
| Taura IS | Rohe Mōrearea (Rohe 0/1) | Ka tuku i te pūngao iti mete kaha whakahaere (Cc) me te ine hiko (Lc) | Taura pūoko honohono |
| Taputapu IS | Rohe Mōrearea (Rohe 0/1) | He taputapu māmā, he taputapu whaimana rānei e mahi ana i roto i ngā rohe pūngao | Pūoko methane, rama taupoki |
Te Tirohanga Matua mō ngā Taura:Kaua te taura e hono ana i te ārai ki te taputapu parae e penapena i te kaha e ranea ana (hei utu ā-kaha, ā-whakaoho rānei) hei hanga i te mura e taea ai te mura mena ka whati, ka poto rānei te taura. Ka taea e te taura keri paerewa he kaha teitei te hinga rawa i te ārai haumaru.
2. Ngā Paerewa Matua: IEC 60079-11, BS 6704 me te DGMS
Me tutuki ngā taura maina haumaru ā-roto ki tētahi kaupapa whakarōpū o ngā paerewa o te ao me te rohe.
| Paerewa | Whānuitanga | Ngā Whakaritenga Matua mō ngā Taura |
| IEC 60079-11 | Paerewa ā-ao mō te hoahoa haumaru ā-roto | E tohu ana i ngā whakaritenga mō ngā taputapume ngā waea honohono |
| IEC 60079-14 | Te hoahoa me te tāutanga o te tipu | Ngā Mana Whakahaerewaehere tae kikorangi māramamō ngā ara iahiko IS; te wehenga mai i ngā waea kore-IS |
| BS 6704:1996 | Te ture mahi a te UK mō ngā maina waro | Ka whakaratoōwehenga ine hiko/ātetemō ngā taura momo keri (Waea, Tohu, Pliable Armored) |
| DGMS (Īnia) | Ngā ture haumaru mō te maina waro | E whakahau ana kia tutuki i ngā whakaritenga o IS/IEC 60079-11 (Ex-ia/Ex-ib) me te tiwhikete QAN/QAR |
(Kauwhata pūnaha keri haumaru ā-roto) Ngā Kōrero Matua:Kāore e taea te whiriwhiri kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga. Mō ngā maina waro o raro whenua, me whakamana ngā taura IS hei wāhanga o tētahi "pūnaha hinonga" me te ārai me te pūoko. Kāore e taea te whakakapi noa i te taura.
3. Ngā Taumata Haumaru ā-roto: Ex-ia vs. Ex-ib
Kāore e rite te taumata tiaki o ngā ara iahiko haumaru katoa. Ko te rerekētanga kei roto i te maha o ngā hapa ka taea e te pūnaha te whakamanawanui.
| Whakatauranga | Manawanui Hapa | Rohe e tika ana | Tauira Tono Keri |
| Mai i nāianei | E rua ngā hapa motuhake (Te haumaru teitei) | Rohe 0(Te mōrearea pahū tonu) | Ngā pūoko hau methane i te mata o te pakitara roa |
| Kotahi-mua | Kotahi te hapa (Haumarutanga teitei) | Rohe 1(Tērā pea he mōrearea pahūtanga) | Ngā pūoko papu, ngā ara iahiko whakahaere kawe |
Pānga ki te Kōwhiringa Taura:He kaha ake ngā here e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tawhā L/C taura mō ngā ara iahiko Ex-ia i tō Ex-ib hei whakarite i te haumaru i raro i ngā āhuatanga hapa-rua.
4. Ngā Tawhā Taura Matua: Ngā Herenga Pūngao me te Āheinga
Ko ngā tawhā hiko tino hira mō te taura IS ko tōnate kaha tohatoha (Cc)mete hikohiko (Lc)mō ia roanga waeine.
- He aha te Hiranga o te Pūngao:Ina rere te taura roa mai i tētahi ārai ki tētahi pūoko, ka mahi te taura pērā i te pūnga hiko. Mēnā ka momotuhia te taura, ka taea e tēnei utu kua rongoa te tuku hei mura. Ki te nui rawa te utu, ka puta he mura e taea ai te mura.
- He aha te Hiranga o te Inductance:Ka taea e ngā kawenga āputa (ngā koiri, ngā motuka, te koropiko waea rānei) te whakaputa i ngā pīka hiko teitei ina whakatuwheratia te ara iahiko.
Ngā Whakamārama Whaihua:Tērā pea he nui te kaha o te taura keri paerewa, ka whakawhāiti i te tawhiti e whakaaetia ana i waenga i te ārai me te pūoko. Ka hangaia he taura kua whakamanahia e IS mete whakamarumaru iti-kaha (hei tauira, Polyethylene, XLPE rānei)hei whakanui ake i te roa e whakaaetia ana.
E whakamārama ana te paerewa BS 6704 i ngāngā ōwehenga ine me te ātete ingoamō:
- Ngā taura waea(Mō ngā whare inu i ngā wāhi hau).
- Ngā taura tohu(Mō ngā mana mamao).
- Ngā taura waea ārai ngohengohe me ngā taura waea maitai(Mō ngā ara iahiko hiko me ngā ara iahiko ranu).
5. Hanganga: Ngā Taura Keri Mataara, ngā Taura Keri Kore Mataara rānei
He haruru hiko ngā taiao keri (ngā VFD, ngā motuka au nui). He mea nui te whakamarumaru mō te pono o te tohu, engari ka huri i ngā tawhā haumaru hiko o te taura.
| Āhuatanga | Whakaritenga Paerewa | He aha te Hiranga mō te Keri |
| Te Ārai (Te Parepare) | Whiri Whānui (Kua Mata)e hiahiatia ana mō te hototahitanga hikohiko | Ārai i te whakaoho teka o ngā pūoko hau i roto i ngā taiao EMI-tiketike |
| Rauemi Ārai | PE (Polyethylene)rāneiXLPE(Iti te εᵣ) | Pūmau dielectric iti = Pūnga iti = Tawhiti IS roa ake e whakaaetia ana |
| Te Whakawaehere Tae | Kikorangi Mārama(RAL 5015) te whāriki o waho | Tāutuhia te ara iahiko IS hei ārai i te hononga tūpono ki te hiko ehara i te IS |
| Kaiārahi | Parahi ngāwari(Te aho 5/6) | Ka ātete ki te wiri i roto i ngā waka keri pakitara roa me ngā waka kawe waka |
(Wāhanga whakawhiti o te taura keri kua whakamanahia he Haumaru ā-roto) Taunakitanga mō te Taura Keri Matawai:Mō ngā taiao he nui te pokanoa (hei tauira, tata ki ngā kutikuti pakitara roa),ngā taura kua āraihia (whiria)he pai ake. Heoi, me tika te whenua o te whakangungu rakau whakarewa (kotahi te pūwāhi) kia kore ai e hanga he porowhita whenua e penapena ana i te pūngao morearea.
6. Ngā Whakatakotoranga Hangarau Matua (Te Pepa Raraunga)
Ina arotakehia he pepa raraunga taura IS mō te keri maina, tirohia ēnei uara motuhake hei whakarite i te hototahitanga o te tiwhikete.
| Tawhā | Uara Taura IS Noa | He aha te mea nui |
| Pūngao (Matua ki te Matua) | ≤ 150 nF/km(Paerewa) vs. > 300 nF/km mō te kore-IS | Ka whakaitihia e te kaha teitei te tawhiti haumaru mai i te arai |
| Pūngao (Matua ki te Mata) | ≤ 250 nF/km | He mea nui mō ngā taura kua āraihia e whakamahia ana tata ki ngā VFD |
| Te hikohiko | ≤ 0.8 mH/km | Ārai i ngā pikinga ngaohiko kino ina whakawhiti pūoko |
| Ōwehenga L/R | ≤ 30 µH/Ω(I tautuhia e te BS 6704 Ripanga B.1) | E ōrite ana ki ngā tawhā haumaru o te ārai Zener |
| Whakatauranga Pāmahana (Taura) | -40°C ki te +90°C(PVC) -65°C ki te +200°C rānei (FEP) | Me ātete mura ngā taura keri (IEC 60332-1) |
| Whakatauranga Ngaohiko (AC) | 300/500V | He iti te kaha/te mana o ngā pūnaha IS |
7. Te Ture "Kikorangi Mārama": Te Tāutu Tirohanga
E tino hiahiatia ana e te IEC 60079-14 kiaKa taea te tautuhi i ngā ara iahiko haumaru ā-roto mā te tae kikorangi mārama(RAL 5015).
- Tae o te Pūeru:Me kikorangi mārama te tae o waho o te taura keri.
- Te Tohu:Me tohu pakari te taura ki te Ex-ia, ki te Ex-ib rānei.
- Ngā Pūrua:Me whakamahi hoki ngā pūwāhi hononga i te whakamarumaru kikorangi mārama, i ngā tapanga rānei.
Mena kei te whakamahi koe i tētahi taura keri pango paerewa mō tētahi tono IS, tera pea ka taka ki te tutuki i ngā ture i mua i te whakakānga.
8. Ngā Taura Pūoko Ngāwari mō te Aunoatanga Keri
Ka whakamahia e te maina hou ngā "Taera Pūoko Ngāwari" mō ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā waka whakawhiti, ngā pūtu tuanui, me ngā whakangungu pakitara roa.
- Whakaritenga:He tino ngāwari (te aho 6) kia ora ai i te piko tonu.
- Te Hanganga:Ngā aho parahi angiangi + te koti PUR (mō te ātete ki te karawarawa) + Mata whiri.
- Te Hiranga o te IS:Me mau tonu ngā tawhā hiko (Capacitance/Inductance) o ēnei taura hihiri ahakoa ngā miriona huringa piko. Ka huri te capacitance i te paparanga ārai pakaru, ā, ka whakararu i te ariā o te hinonga IS.
9. Ngā tono keri e hiahia ana ki ngā taura IS
He mea whakahau ngā taura IS mō ngā ara iahiko iti-pūngao katoa e tomo ana ki ngā rohe morearea.
| Tono | Rohe | Whakatauranga IS | Āhuatanga Taura |
| Ngā Pūoko Hau Methane | Rohe 0 | Mai i nāianei | Iti te Pūngao, Papa Kikorangi Mārama |
| Ngā Pūnaha Whakatūpato Tata (PWS) | Rohe 1 | Kotahi-mua | Kua āraia (tiakitanga EMI), Ngāwari |
| Ngā Rama Taupoki me te Telemetry | Rohe 1 | Ex-ia/Ex-ib | Ranu (Mana + Raraunga) |
| Ngā Pūnaha Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero o raro whenua | Rohe 1 | Kotahi-mua | Ngā whakaritenga waea mō te BS 6704 |
10. Ngā Tawhā Hinonga: He aha e kore ai e taea te whakamahi noa i tētahi taura
Kia "Haumaru ā-roto" ai te taura, me tutuki i a ia ngā whakaritenga"Ariā Hinonga":
- Putanga Ārai:Voc (Ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera mōrahi), Isc (Auhiko ara iahiko poto mōrahi), Ca (Te kaha mōrahi e whakaaetia ana), La (Te hiko whakapūmau mōrahi e whakaaetia ana).
- Te Mooni o te Taura:Cc (Te kaha o te taura mō ia putu), Lc (Te kaha o te taura mō ia putu).
- Pūrere Mara:Ci (pūngao ā-roto), Li (whakapūngao ā-roto).
Te Tātai Manatoko:
- Cc (taura) + Ci (pūrere) ≤ Ca (ārai)
- Lc (taura) + Li (pūrere) ≤ La (ārai)
Mena kāore tētahi o ēnei tawhā i te rārangihia ki te pepa raraunga taura, he hēkāorehe taura Haumaru ā-Whānui.
Mō Dingzun Cable: Tō Hoa Haumaru Keri
KiNeke atu i te 20 tau o te wheako hanga motuhake, he kaiwhakarato whaimana a Dingzun Cable oNgā taputapu haumaru ā-roto me ngā taura pūoko ngāwarimō te umanga keri o te ao.
(Te tāutanga o te taura ngāwari, he mea ārai, he haumaru hoki) Ā Mātou Āheinga Taura Keri Haumaru ā-Whaiaro:
| Te āheinga | Whakatakotoranga Dingzun |
| Te Whakatutukitanga o te Tiwhikete | IEC 60079-11 (Ex-ia/Ex-ib), BS 6704, RoHS |
| Kaiārahi | Parahi Tahanga/Tīni (Whārangi Ngāwari Akomanga 5/6) |
| Te whakamarumaru | XLPE, PE rānei(Te iti o te kaha hiko |
| Te ārai | Whiri Parahi Tini Katoa(≥85% te kapinga, Taura Keri Mataara) |
| Te Whakawaehere Tae | Papa Kikorangi Māramae ai ki te IEC 60079-14, me te tohu Ex pakari |
| Rauemi Koti | PVC, LSZH, rāneiAhakoa(Ātete hinu/ahi mō ngā mahi pakitara roa) |
| Whakatauranga Mīhini | Te ātete nui ki te pakū, -40°C ki te +90°C |
He aha i whakamahia ai te taura Dingzun mō te keri maina:
- Te tino whakaritenga— Te tatau o ngā takirua, te ine o te ara iahiko, te ārai, me te tānga ritenga e ai ki ngā whakaritenga maina.
- Rōpū hangarau tohunga— Tautoko mō te tatau i ngā tawhā hinonga (Ca, La) hei whakarite i te hototahitanga o te ārai.
- Whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ngaio tika— Ngā whakatau utu tere, ngā pepa raraunga hangarau, me te tuku ā-ao.
Kia haumaru tō maina mā te whakamahi i ngā taura IS whaimana.[Whakapā atu ki tā mātou tīma hangarau i tēnei rā mō tētahi kōrerorero, mō tētahi tauira ritenga rānei].